Banten Suralaya power station

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Banten Suralaya power station is an operating power station of at least 4025-megawatts (MW) in Pulomerak, Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia with multiple units, some of which are not currently operating. It is also known as 爪哇10号 (Unit 10), 苏娜拉亚电站 （苏拉拉耶, 爪哇9号 (Unit 09), 苏娜拉亚）.

Location

Table 1: Project-level location details

Plant name Location Coordinates (WGS 84)
Banten Suralaya power station Pulomerak, Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia -5.8919073, 106.0302341 (exact)

The map below shows the exact location of the power station.

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Unit-level coordinates (WGS 84):

  • Phase I Unit 1, Phase I Unit 2, Phase I Unit 3, Phase I Unit 4, Phase II Unit 1, Phase II Unit 2, Phase II Unit 3: -5.8919073, 106.0302341
  • Unit 08, Unit 09, Unit 10: -5.8892179, 106.0336018

Project Details

Table 2: Unit-level details

Unit name Status Fuel(s) Capacity (MW) Technology Start year
Phase I Unit 1 operating coal: subbituminous 400 subcritical 1984
Phase I Unit 2 operating coal: subbituminous 400 subcritical 1985
Phase I Unit 3 operating coal: subbituminous 400 subcritical 1988
Phase I Unit 4 operating coal: subbituminous 400 subcritical 1989
Phase II Unit 1 operating coal: subbituminous 600 subcritical 1996
Phase II Unit 2 operating coal: subbituminous 600 subcritical 1997
Phase II Unit 3 operating coal: subbituminous 600 subcritical 1997
Unit 08 operating coal: subbituminous 625 subcritical 2011
Unit 09 construction coal: subbituminous 1000 ultra-supercritical 2025 (planned)
Unit 10 construction coal: subbituminous 1000 ultra-supercritical 2026 (planned)

Table 3: Unit-level ownership and operator details

Unit name Owner Parent
Phase I Unit 1 PT Indonesia Power Suralaya [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Phase I Unit 2 PT Indonesia Power Suralaya [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Phase I Unit 3 PT Indonesia Power Suralaya [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Phase I Unit 4 PT Indonesia Power Suralaya [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Phase II Unit 1 PT Indonesia Power Suralaya [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Phase II Unit 2 PT Indonesia Power Suralaya [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Phase II Unit 3 PT Indonesia Power Suralaya [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Unit 08 PT PLN (Persero) [100%] PT PLN (Persero) [100.0%]
Unit 09 PT Barito Pacific Tbk [49%]; PT PLN (Persero) [51%] PT PLN (Persero) [51.0%]; PT Barito Pacific Tbk [49.0%]
Unit 10 PT Barito Pacific Tbk [49%]; PT PLN (Persero) [51%] PT PLN (Persero) [51.0%]; PT Barito Pacific Tbk [49.0%]

Background

Banten Suralaya power station is a 4,025-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power complex consisting of 8 generating units located on the northwest tip of the Indonesian island of Java, close to the city of Cilegon and about 150 km west of the capital city of Jakarta, Indonesia. The complex is owned by PT PLN. In 2017 construction began on Unit 9 (1000MW) and Unit 10 (1000MW) at the same location, under a partnership in which PT PLN Persero has 51% ownership and PT Barito Pacific Tbk has 49%.[1][2]

The power complex was built in four initial phases.[3][4]

An explosion and fire at the 30-year-old transformer of Unit 4 in December 2013 caused widespread power failures in the area.[5][6]

As of 2015, PLN also had a major training facility in Merak, several kilometers to the southwest of the Suralaya plant, which used Banten Suralaya power station to train PLN workers.[7]

In September 2023, power station operators stated that utilization of the power station was temporarily halved due to a major air pollution event in the Jakarta area. The city reportedly had the highest global pollution levels several times in August 2023. It was initially unknown if or when operational capacity would increase to previous levels.[8] Later in September, three days after the conclusion of ASEAN summit talks in Jakarta, the power station resumed nearly full operation.[9]

Coal source

The power station received coal through its attached Suralaya coal terminal, also owned by PLN. Coal came from Bukit Asam Coal Mining operations in South Sumatra.[10][11]

Retirement discussions

In January 2024, the government and PLN were reportedly considering the details of a plan to close Units 3 and 4 at the Banten Suralaya power station. The Suralaya plant has been a significant source of pollution affecting Jakarta and the surrounding region, and its continued operation was contributing to 4000 MW of surplus capacity.[12][13]

In September 2024, plans for partially retiring Banten Suralaya power station were still in development.[14]

Proposed Units Jawa-9 & Jawa-10: 1000 MW

According to the PT PLN 2016-2025 long range plan (page 147), PLTU Jawa-9 could be developed as an expansion of an IPP which has been in operation, or the construction of new power plants by IPP in Banten province.[15]

In October 2016 PLN announced that it would build two additional units at the plant and that construction would take three years.[16]

In September 2017 PLN President Director of Indonesia Power Sri Peni Inten Cahyani announced that these units would each produce 1,000 MW each and would be built with PLN's partner, PT Barito Pacific Tbk, with PLN having 51% ownership.[2]

In December 2017 there was a "groundbreaking ceremony" for the plant,[1] but construction did not follow.

In March 2018 the General Manager of the plant estimated that construction of Units 9 & 10 would be complete in 2022.[17] According to the PT PLN 2017-2026 plan, both Jawa-9 and Jawa-10 are delayed to 2022 and increased in size from 600 MW to 1000 MW in order to use a more "efficient and environmentally friendly" technology.[18] The plants will be developed either by PLN or as an IPP with alternative locations in Central Java or West Java.[19]

In February 2018 PLN subsidiary Indonesia Power, along with Indonesia petrochemical company PT Barito Pacific, announced they had shortlisted three to four companies for the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contract to develop their Java 9&10 coal-fired power stations, with the selection to be announced by mid-2018. The coal plants are described as ultra supercritical with an estimated cost of about US$3.5 billion. Domestic infrastructure financing institutions such as Sarana Multi Infrastruktur are expected to support the power plant, as well as the export credit agency of the selected EPC contractor.[20]

In September 2018 it was reported that Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction from South Korea along with Indo Raya Tenaga (IRT) would begin construction of Jawa-9 (爪哇9号) and Jawa-10 (爪哇10号) in early 2019.[21]

In May 2019 it was reported that Barito Pacific was still trying to achieve financial close for Jawa-9 and Jawa-10 and hoped to do so by the end of 2019.[22] The long-range plan for 2019-2028 lists a completion date of 2023 for Jawa-9 and 2024 for Jawa-10.[23] In September 2019 PT PLN Persero announced that construction of Jawa-9 and Jawa-10 would begin in January 2020.[24]

Construction on the Jawa-9 and Jawa-10 expansion project began at some point in early- to mid-2021.[25] In June 2021, PT Barata Indonesia was contracted to supply the turbines for the expansion. The contract was valued at approximately USD 12 million.[26] In May 2022, it was reported that construction of the two new units was 50% complete.[27]

In November 2022, a feasibility study was underway for the co-firing of up to 60% green ammonia in Units 9 and 10.[28]

In January 2023, heavy rainfall caused the site of the construction project to flood significantly.[29]

In August 2023, construction progress had reportedly reached 78%. Commercial operation was still slated for 2025.[30]

In September 2023, a memorandum of understanding was signed between PT Indo Raya Tenaga and Doosan Enerbility to make Units 9 and 10 the first "hybrid" power station in Indonesia. As the 2022 feasibility study suggested, the units would fire up to 60% ammonia. The plan was reportedly supported by the governments of Indonesia and South Korea.[31] In December 2023, an ammonia test was reportedly conducted successfully in Jawa-9.[32]

In August 2024, construction was reportedly 99% complete. Unit 9 was expected to begin commercial operation by the end of the month. Unit 2 was targeted for commercial operation in April 2025.[33] In mid-September 2024, Unit 9 was reportedly targeted for commissioning in October 2024.[34]

As of December 2024, neither of the proposed units appeared to have started operating.

Opposition to plant

As construction began on the Unit 9 & 10 expansion, residents complained about already high levels of air pollution from the plant and damage to the sea and local fishing industry.[1] One resident compared the sight of the nearby plant to a scene from Lord of the Rings.[1]

In August 2019 three residents of Banten and civil society groups from the State of Ginseng, South Korea sued the project's potential funders in South Korea's Level 1 Court to stop financing for the plant on the grounds that building it would be irresponsible toward future generations. These funders are Korea Development Bank (KDB), the Korea Export-Import Bank (Kexim), and Korea Trade Insurance Corporation (K-Sure).[35]

A report published by Greenpeace in November 2019 modeling the health impacts of the project found that Jawa 9 and 10 will cause 4,700 premature deaths over its lifetime.[36]

In August 2020 WALHI called on the Governor of Banten to revoke the environmental permits for Jawa-9 and Jawa-10 on the grounds that the plants were not in compliance with Regulation No. 15/2019 concerning emissions, that public participation in the permitting process had been inadequate, and that the Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) contained misinformation.[37]

In November 2020, WALHI filed a lawsuit against the project's environmental permit at the Serang State Administrative Court as the construction of Jawa 9 & 10 "would worsen the quality of the environment and public health around the plant and fails to comply with the latest emission standards that have been in effect since 2019."[38]

In 2020, Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW), a Jakarta-based NGO, found major discrepancies in coal purchase agreements throughout the Indonesian power system. At the Banten Suralaya power plants, ICW said it could not account for 1.24 trillion rupiah ($88 million) in coal every year.[39] Demonstrations against the Jawa 9 & 10 expansion took place in January and April 2021.[40][41] Not only are activists opposing the environmental harms that will be caused by expanding the powers station, they are also questioning the need for more electricity in the Java-Bali electrical grid. In 2020, the Java-Bali grid had a 46.6% surplus, suggesting that 2,000 MW of expanded coal-fired capacity at the Banten Suralaya power complex is not necessary.[39]

In April 2024, an Inclusive Development International report stated that the Asian Development Bank was continuing to indirectly finance coal-fired power stations in Indonesia, including Banten Suralaya power station. This was despite their stated commitment to end coal financing.[42]

In May 2024, a coalition of community groups was calling for the expansion project's construction to be halted immediately. The groups highlighted the future environmental and public health impacts of the power station and called for the community to be compensated for losses associated with the construction project. The Jawa-9 and Jawa-10 units would reportedly release a quarter-billion metric tons of CO2 in their lifetime and cause thousands of premature deaths. Campaigners also noted that the electricity grid of the region was already oversupplied, meaning that additional capacity was not needed.[43]

In September 2024, the organization Trend Asia voiced opposition to Jawa-9 and Jawa-10, highlighting that the surrounding community did not support the project's development and that there was existing overcapacity on the Java-Bali grid.[44] According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the overcapacity of the grid was 4 gigawatts. The additional capacity was therefore argued to be redundant, resulting in an unnecessary environmental and economic burden.[45]

Criticism of the World Bank

In September 2023, a coalition of Indonesian and international non-governmental organizations filed a complaint against the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the investment arm of the World Bank Group, over its 2019 equity investment in Hana Bank Indonesia. The bank subsequently provided a US$56 million loan to PT Indo Raya Tenaga for the Jawa-9 and Jawa-10 expansion of the Banten Suralaya coal plant. PENA Masyarakat, a community-based organization in Banten, and its partners argued that the expansion project did not meet IFC standards and "likely cannot be brought into compliance" with them. The groups requested that the Office of the Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) undertake a full compliance review of the IFC's investment in the bank and that the construction of the two coal units either be suspended or, if that is not possible, retired early.[46]

In June 2024, the CAO, the "independent accountability mechanism" of the IFC, published an assessment of the complaint. The report concluded that the complaint merited a full investigation, because it demonstrated preliminary indications of harm and preliminary indications of potential non-compliance with environmental and social policies.[47]

In July 2024, a coalition of organizations (Pena Masyarakat, Trend Asia, Inclusive Development International, and Recourse) again filed a complaint to the CAO supervisory body, alleging that the World Bank "indirectly contributed to the massive environmental damage caused by Southeast Asia's largest and dirtiest coal-fired power plant, Indonesia's Suralaya coal-fired power plant complex". They stated that the World Bank's private lending arm, the IFC, violated its Environmental and Social Sustainability policy.[48]

In September 2024, representatives of the Suralaya community appeared to join the CAO complaint.[49]

Pollution impacts

In September 2023, the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) published a study estimating air quality and human health impacts of pollution from the Banten Suralaya coal plant. The study reported that adoption of best available pollution control technologies could save up to 1527 lives annually, avoid thousands of visits to emergency health care services, and avoid up to US$1.08 billion in economic costs.[50]

A June 2024 report by the Centre for Research Energy and Clear Air (CREA) estimated that air pollution from Banten Suralaya Units 1-4 was linked to 401 deaths a year and an associated annual economic burden of US$284 million (IDR 4.22 trillion). Cirebon power station Unit 1 and Pelabuhan Ratu power station Units 1-3 have been earmarked for early retirement under Indonesia's Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) plan, and Banten Suralaya power station Units 1-4 have been mentioned as another likely candidate for early closure. CREA's report noted that these three plants account for only 20% of the top ten most polluting coal plants in Java, and that "considering health impacts as part of the factors in setting coal retirement pathways is not explicitly stated in the JETP" plan.[51]

Financing

  • Unit 8: China Ex-Im Bank (US$280 million) in 2008[52][53]
  • Units 9-10: US$2.55 billion in debt from DBS Bank, Korea Development Bank, Export-Import Bank of Korea, Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, Hana Financial Group, Korea Trade Insurance Corporation, Bank of China, CIMB Group, Indonesia Eximbank and Bangkok Bank; US$850 million in equity from Barito Pacific and KEPCO [11]


In November 2018 environmental activists called on the South Korean banks funding the expansion to withdraw their support. The expansion will cost an estimated US$3.5 billion and be financed with loans from the Export-Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM), the Korea Development Bank (KDB Bank), and the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation (K-sure).[54]

In September 2019 it was reported that PLN was advancing the financing arrangements for the expansion and was hopeful of reaching financial closure by the end of 2019.[55] The financing structure is said to comprise 25 percent via internal financing and 75 percent via a syndicated loan from 15 Indonesian and foreign lenders. Singapore's DBS Bank is the financial adviser on the deal.

In March 2020 financial closure had still not been reached. It was reported that, alongside DBS, Korea Development Bank and Kexim, the Indonesian Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia and Bank Negara Indonesia are also set to be involved in the financing. Messages were mixed about the likelihood of a near-term deal. One source told IJGlobal that signing "will happen in the near term." A less optimistic source told IJGlobal that devising a financing structure is proving to be challenging and that the announcement of financial closure was not "imminent".[56]

A study published by Korea Development Institute (KDI), an autonomous policy-oriented research organisation, in June 2020 showed that financing for the expansion would result in significant losses for investors if it is signed off. According to KDI, the financial plan of South Korean utility Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), the only foreign firm backing the project that will hold a share of ownership in the plant, for the Jawa project takes an overly optimistic view of the expected amount of power sales and potential power transmission rates, and the study shows that the present value of cash flows pumped into the power project would exceed that of inbound cash flows by US$43.58 million over the station’s lifetime. Kepco itself would be set to lose US$7.08 million in equity investments, according to the study. Youn Sejong, director of the South Korean environmental law NGO Solutions for our Climate, said that while the project's potential loan investors were less at risk because their investment would be paid off first, the fact that the project itself was valued negative should still be a wake-up call for the banks supporting it. Speaking to Eco-Business, Sejong said: “Investors backing the project should pull out given the estimated unprofitability. Because the construction has not commenced, this is the best time to withdraw from the project with no sunk cost involved.”[57] In June 2020 KEPCO's directors approved the US$51 million purchase of a 15% stake in Jawa-9 and Jawa-10. Once completed the ownership of the two plants will be PT PLT 50%, PT Barito Pacific 34%, and KEPCO 15%.[58]

In July 2020, it was announced that a US$2.6 billion debt facility for Jawa 9 & 10 had been signed. Confirmed lenders include the project's financial adviser DBS, Korea Export Import Bank, Korea Development Bank, Hana Bank of South Korea, CIMB and Maybank of Malaysia, Bank of China, Bank Mandiri, Bank Negara Indonesia and Exim Bank of Indonesia. Siemens Bank had been expected to participate but dropped out of the lending consortium. The sponsors are aiming to meet all the necessary conditions within six weeks to two months of signing to reach financial close and make the first drawdown of funds.[59]

At the end of July 2020, South Korean lawmakers proposed four bills in the National Assembly that would prohibit government-backed institutions from funding coal projects. Affected firms would include Korea Eximbank, Korea Development Bank, Korea Electric Power and Korea Trade Insurance Corporation. It is unclear when voting on the bills will take place in the South Korean parliament and the new laws will not have a retroactive effect. The Jawa 9 & 10 project which has been given the go-ahead by Kepco’s board of directors is therefore likely to proceed with South Korean financing if the firm has managed to finalise all financial contracts for the project.[60]

In August 2020, IJGlobal reported that one of the project sponsors Barito Pacific had signed a US$252.7 million corporate loan with Bangkok Bank to allow the company to make an equity contribution of the same amount for the construction and development of Jawa 9 & 10. The remaining project finance debt had not reached financial close, according to IJGlobal.[61]

In November 2020, financial close for the project, comprising US$2.55 billion from lenders and US$850 million in equity investment from Barito Pacific and KEPCO, was confirmed.[11] Financing for the plant also included US$253 million in bridge equity, provided by the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation and the Export-Import Bank of Korea, among others.[62]

Articles and Resources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Warga Suralaya Keluhkan Pembangunan Unit 9 & 10 Indonesia Power FaktaBanten, Dec. 3, 2017.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Indonesia Power Completes the Two-Unit Auction of Suralaya Power Plant CNN Indonesia, Sep. 20, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Suralaya Coal Power Plant Indonesia," Global Energy Observer, accessed December 2013
  4. ↑ Proyek PLTU 1 Banten, Suralaya, PT PLN website, accessed Mar. 2015.
  5. ↑ PLTU Suralaya meledak, Cilegon gelap gulita, Merdeka, 1 Dec. 2013.
  6. ↑ Trafo PLTU Suralaya yang Terbakar Berumur 30 Tahun, Liputan 6, 2 Dec. 2013.
  7. ↑ Udiklat Suralaya, PT PLN website, accessed Mar. 2015.
  8. ↑ Indonesia halves output at coal power plant as pollution spikes, phys.org, September 6, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Major Indonesia Coal Plant Back Near Capacity Despite Pollution Concerns," VOA News, September 22, 2023
  10. ↑ "Suralaya Coal Power Plant Indonesia," GEO, accessed July 2015
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Civi Yap, "Financial close on Indonesia Java 9 & 10", IJGlobal, Nov. 13, 2020
  12. ↑ PLN Kaji Suntik Mati PLTU Suralaya 3 dan 4, Kontan.co.id, January 17, 2024
  13. ↑ PLN mulls shutting down Suralaya 3 and 4 coal-fired power plants, The Jakarta Post, January 19, 2024
  14. ↑ Pemerintah Minta Bantuan Dunia Percepat Penghentian PLTU Batu Bara, VOA Indonesia, September 9, 2024
  15. ↑ “Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik, PT PLN (Persero), 2016-2025,” Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral, June 2016
  16. ↑ Project Unit 9 and 10 Suralaya Power Plant with Capacity of 2,000 Megawatts, Built Over 3 Years, BantenNews, Oct. 6, 2016
  17. ↑ Suralaya Power Plant Projects 9 and 10 Start Construction Mid-2018, Dunia Energi, Mar. 25, 2018
  18. ↑ Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) 2017-2026, PT PLN Persero, p. VI-53
  19. ↑ Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) 2017-2026, PT PLN Persero, VI-11 and VI-53
  20. ↑ "EPC shortlisted for Java 9&10 IPP," PFI Issue 618, February 7, 2018 (paywall)
  21. ↑ BRPT berkomitmen tuntaskan proyek pembangkit listrik Jawa 9 dan 10, Kontan, Sep. 13, 2018
  22. ↑ Barito Pacific menargetkan financial close PLTU Jawa 9 dan 10 akhir tahun ini, Kontan, May 15, 2019
  23. ↑ Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) 2019-2028, PT PLN Persero, V-43
  24. ↑ Pembangunan PLTU Suralaya Unit 9 dan 10 Dimulai Januari 2020, Liputan 6, Sep. 24, 2019
  25. ↑ Iyus Lesmana, Warga Suralaya Menjerit Banyak Orang Luar Daerah Berduyun-duyun ke Cilegon Garap Mega Proyek PLTU Jawa 9 dan 10, yang Lokal Mana? Banten Hits, June 15, 2021
  26. ↑ Barata Indonesia Supply Turbine Components for PLTU Java 9 and 10, Kompas, June 8, 2021
  27. ↑ PLTU Jawa 9 and 10, 35,000 MW Power Plant Project, detikekonomi.com, May 12, 2022
  28. ↑ SCR di PLTU Jawa 9-10 Jadi Fokus Kajian Opsi Turunkan Emisi Pembangkit, Info Publik, November 14, 2022
  29. ↑ BREAKING NEWS Proyek PLTU Jawa 9 dan 10 Suralaya di Cilegon Banjir, Tribun Banten, January 17, 2023
  30. ↑ Proyek PLTU 9 dan 10 Diharap Rampung 2025, Kompas, August 17, 2023
  31. ↑ PLTU Jawa 9 dan 10 Bakal Jadi Pembangkit Listrik Hybrid Pertama di Indonesia, liputan6, September 7, 2023
  32. ↑ PLTU Jawa 9 dan10 Berhasil Pembakaran Perdana dengan Tes Injeksi Amonia Cair, Radar Banten, December 29, 2023
  33. ↑ Unit 1 PLTU Jawa 9 dan 10 Mulai Suplai Listrik Jawa-Bali Akhir Agustus, Detik News, August 17, 2024
  34. ↑ 2 PLTU Baru di Suralaya Segera Beroperasi, Diklaim Rendah Emisi, Bloomberg Technoz, September 13, 2024
  35. ↑ Calon Kreditor PLTU Jawa 9 dan 10 Digugat di Pengadilan Korsel], Tempo.co, Aug. 30, 2019
  36. ↑ Health Impacts of Units 9·10 of the Jawa Coal-fired Power Plant in Banten, Indonesia], Greenpeace East Asia Seoul office, November 2019
  37. ↑ Izin PLTU Jawa 9 & 10 yang Diterbitkan Wahidin Halim Cacat Hukum, WALHI: Proyek Ini Hanya Akan Mendatangkan Mudarat, Banten Hits, Aug. 6, 2020
  38. ↑ Izin PLTU Jawa 9 & 10 yang Diterbitkan Wahidin Halim Cacat Hukum, WALHI: Proyek Ini Hanya Akan Mendatangkan Mudarat, Beta Hita, Nov. 9, 2020
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Della Syahni, In Indonesia, a village held hostage by coal pleads for change, Mongabay, Feb. 4, 2021
  40. ↑ In Picture: Air Pollution Protest at PLTU Suralaya, Republika, Jan. 6, 2021
  41. ↑ Pena Society and Walhi Hold Sympathetic Action Against PLTU Suralaya, Biem.co, Apr. 28, 2021
  42. ↑ Sejumlah LSM Tuduh ADB Tetap Danai PLTU di Indonesia di Tengah Kampanye Penggunaan Energi Bersih, VOA Indonesia, April 25, 2024
  43. ↑ Menguak Bahaya di Balik Proyek PLTU Suralaya Banten, Poros Jakarta, May 28, 2024
  44. ↑ ESDM Buka Suara soal Operasional PLTU Jawa 9-10 di Tengah Kelebihan Pasokan, Kumparan Bisnis, September 20, 2024
  45. ↑ Jawa Oversupply Listrik, 2 PLTU Baru di Suralaya Dicap Mubazir, Bloomberg Technoz, September 19, 2024
  46. ↑ "Indonesian province's residents accuse World Bank of "indirectly" funding coal-fired plant," Benar News, September 14, 2023
  47. ↑ CAO Compliance Appraisal of Complaint Regarding Coal Power Plant Sub-Project of IFC Investment in PT Bank KEB Hana Indonesia, The Office of the Compliance Advisor Ombudsman, June 24, 2024
  48. ↑ CAO to Investigate World Bank Group Funding for Java 9 & 10 Coal-Fired Power Plant Projects, Trend Asia, July 18, 2024
  49. ↑ Di Balik Kepulan Asap: Siapa Raup Untung dari PLTU Baru Suralaya?, Liputan Khas Suara, September 19, 2024
  50. ↑ "Air quality impacts of the Banten-Suralaya complex," Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air, September 12, 2023
  51. ↑ "Health and economic benefits from early phase out of Indonesia’s first JETP coal power plants," Centre for Research Energy and Clear Air, June 20, 2024
  52. ↑ "China's Global Energy Finance," BU, accessed October 2018
  53. ↑ "China Eximbank provides $284.2 million buyer's credit for 625MW Banten Suralaya Power Plant Construction Project (Linked to Project ID#38604)".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ↑ Activists urge end to South Korean funding of Indonesia coal plants, Mongabay, Nov. 16, 2018
  55. ↑ "After two years of talks, PLN hopes to secure $3.5b for two UST power plants,", The Jakarta Post, Sep. 25, 2019
  56. ↑ Lenders join Indonesian coal-fired financing, IJGlobal, Mar. 27, 2020
  57. ↑ Tim Ha, Proposed Indonesian coal power plant not financially viable, study finds, Eco-Business, Jun. 19, 2020
  58. ↑ Korea's Kepco Moves Ahead With Controversial Coal Investment, canada.com, Jun. 30, 2020
  59. ↑ "Jawa 9 and 10 debt signed", TXFNews.com, Jul. 16, 2020
  60. ↑ Tim Ha, "South Korea proposes ban on overseas coal financing", Eco-Business, Jul. 30, 2020
  61. ↑ Civi Jap, "Bangkok Bank approves loan to Barito Pacific", IJGlobal, Aug. 10, 2020
  62. ↑ Java 9 (1GW) and Java 10 (1GW) Coal-Fired Power Plants Additional Facility 2020, IJGlobal, Feb. 26, 2021

Additional data

To access additional data, including an interactive map of coal-fired power stations, a downloadable dataset, and summary data, please visit the Global Coal Plant Tracker on the Global Energy Monitor website.

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