Fishery Solar Projects in Taiwan
Introduction
The Taiwan government has published its Net-zero Target by 2050. The country aims to reach 20GW of solar power in 2025, 31GW in 2030, and 40-80GW in 2050.[1] The national area of the island is around 35,873 square kilometers, with over two-thirds of the territory covered by mountains and hills.[2] The population density in Taiwan is 647 per square kilometers, ranked as the second highest in the world.[3] Due to the limited space, the government needs to utilize the national lands combining with facilities including roof-top solar and agricultural facilities.[4]
In 2020, the government announced the Aquavoltaics Projects(漁電共生), also known as Fishery Solar Farms Projects in Taiwan. The purpose is to expand possible areas for solar PV installation in fishing facilities to reach 4.4 GW in 2025.[5] In the meantime, the rights of the fish farming industry will be prioritized. The project aims to establish a coexisting system for both local fisheries and renewable energy.[6]
Around 40,000 hectares in Taiwan are used for fish farming. By the end of 2023, the national government plans to develop 20,905 hectares(209 square kilometers) of land for Fishery Solar Farms, meaning over 50% of the fish farms are proposed as potential Fishery Solar Harms areas. Of these lands, 4,702 hectares are prioritized areas that are more ready to develop solar projects, published by the Ministry of Economics Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture. The rest of the area, 15,554 hectares, is non-prioritized and needs further effort to identify possible social and environmental issues.[6] The government has excluded areas that are qualified as environmentally sensitive lands.[7] Besides the national plan, local governments have planned 649.2 hectares of Fishery Solar Farms areas in total.[6]
Symbolic Importance
Current System Description
Current Power Capacity Mix
As of the year 2023, the energy installed capacity, recorded by the Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan, is as below:[8]
| Energy Source | Installed Capacity(GW) | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Coal-fired | 20.5 GW | 34.5% |
| LNG-fired | 19 GW | 31.99% |
| Solar | 12.46 GW | 20.98% |
| Wind | 2.68 GW | 4.51% |
| Conventional Hydro | 2.1 GW | 3.54% |
| Nuclear | 1.9GW | 3.2% |
| Biomass and Waste | 0.76 GW | 1.28% |
| Total | 59.4GW | |
As or the year 2023, the electricity generation in Taiwan is as below. The electricity generation recorded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan shows that coal-fired power plants and gas power plants still contributed over 80% of the national total. Renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and waste, accounted for almost 23%.[9]
Prospective Power Capacity
| Energy Source | Announced | Pre-construction | Construction | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar[10] | 200 MW | 940.3 MW | 1,760 MW | 2,900.3 MW |
| Onshore Wind[11] | 50 MW | 291 MW | 35 MW | 376 MW |
| Offshore WInd[11] | 11,181 MW | 2,455 MW | 3,699 MW | 17,335 MW |
| Hydropower[12] | 0 MW | 368 MW* | 0 MW | 368 MW |
| Gas[13] | 2,714 MW | 14, 971 MW | 9,024 MW | 26,709 MW |
| Coal | 0 MW | 0 MW** | ||
| Nuclear[14] | 0 MW | 0 MW*** | ||
- 1The 368MW project is a Pumped Storage Hydropower Plant
- 2The last proposed coal-fired power plant in Taiwan was in 2018. No new coal project has been announced since then.[15]
- 3Taiwan follows the "No Nuclear Homeland 2025 Policy".[16]
Renewable in Taiwan
Renewable Targets
The solar energy that has been installed in Taiwan was recorded as 12.4GW by the end of 2023. The government aims to reach 17GW in 2024, 20GW in 2025, 31GW in 2030, 50GW in 2040, and 80GW in 2050 (If considering the land limitation, the targets from 2040 to 2050 would be 32GW and 40GW, respectively.).
Major Fishery Solar Projects
The Fishery solar farm area published by the government are centralized in the soutehrn part of Taiwan, including Changhua County, Yunlin County, Chiayi City, Tainan City, Kaohsiung City, and Pingtung County.
By 2024, a total of 342MW of fishery solar farms have been in operation, another 388MW are under construction, and another 330MW are under pre-construction stage.[10]
* Operating Projects[10]
| Project Name | Project Name- Local Script | Installed Capacity(MW) | Status | Operation Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiayi Yizhu Sunnyrich Tai Yang Fishery solar farm | 義竹向陽漁電共生光電案 | 50 | Operating | 2021 |
| Qigu Jhih Guang solar farm Phase 1 | 台南七股志光一期光電場 | 85 | Operating [19] | 2023 |
| Tainan Beimen Fishery solar farm | 台南北門漁電共生光電廠 | 128 | Operating[20] | 2024 |
| Mituo Da Chuang Green Energy Fishery solar farm | 高雄大創綠能彌陀一期 | 69 | Operating[21] | 2024 |
| Fishery solar farm experimental base - Taixi site | 漁電共生試驗育成基地-臺西場域 | 10 | Operating[22] | 2022 |
* Projects in the pipeline[10]
| Project Name | Project Name- Local Script | Installed Capacity(MW) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chiayi Fishery solar farm | 台泥嘉謙綠能嘉義漁電共生案 | 43 | Construction |
| Chiayi Yizhu Sunnyrich Fishery solar farm Phase 1 | 向陽多元嘉義義竹漁電共生一期 | 130 | Construction |
| Chiayi Yizhu Sunnyrich Fishery solar farm Phase 2 | 向陽多元嘉義義竹漁電共生二期 | 132 | Pre-construction |
| Qigu Jhih Guang solar farm Phase 2 | 台南七股志光二期光電場 | 35 | Construction |
| Qigu Jhih Guang solar farm Phase 3 | 台南七股志光三期光電場 | 35 | Construction |
| Qigu Riyun solar farm | 日運漁電共生案場 | 43 | Construction |
| Tainan Qigu Nanxu and Xinritai solar farm Phase 1 | 台南七股南旭及新日泰漁電共生光一期 | 100 | Construction |
| Tainan Qigu Nanxu and Xinritai solar farm Phase 2 | 台南七股南旭及新日泰漁電共生光二期 | 60 | Pre-construction |
| Budai solar farm | 布袋漁電共生專案 | 150 | Pre-construction |
| Tainan Jiangjun Indoor Fishery solar farm | 台南將軍新和室內養殖型漁電共生太陽能電廠 | 120 | Pre-construction |
Potential of Renewables
Currently, three institutions have published the 2050 renewable energy potential estimation in Taiwan. The comparison of each scenario is as the table below
| Energy Type | Official 2050 Net Zero Pathway[23] | GCAA&PNNL[24] | Academia Sinica[25] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solar Energy | 40~80GW | 120GW | 44~58GW |
| Wind Energy | 40GW | 35GW | 44.4GW-57GW |
| Total(solar&wind) | 80~120GW | 156GW | 88.4~115GW |
Potential impacts from renewables expansion
There are several environmental and social issues regarding the Fishery Solar Projects. Below are the summarized issues raised by the local communities and the regulations responded to by the authority:
Fish Catch Volume: The Ministry of Agriculture regulates that ground-mounted renewable energy facilities integrated with agricultural lands must be planned and allocated for agricultural use, and the total area of the renewable energy projects must not exceed 40% of the agricultural land on which the proposed projects are situated.[26] The catch volume should meet above 70% of the average production value reported in the fisheries statistical yearbook for the past three years.[27]
Fish Species Adaptation: Since 2019, the Fisheries Research Institute of the Council of Agriculture has been conducting experiments on fish-solar energy coexistence, including Taiwan's top ten aquaculture species by market value. These aquatic species are distributed across Changhua, Yunlin, Chiayi, Tainan, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung, which account for 80% of the country's aquaculture production value. These cities are also the primary focus for promoting fishery solar farm projects. The experiment used shading nets (orchid nets) to simulate a 40% reduction in sunlight. Aside from clams, which require high sunlight due to their filter-feeding nature, other species such as milkfish, tilapia, black tiger shrimp, golden pomfret, white shrimp, seven-star bass, grouper, mullet, and nine other aquaculture species showed production levels in the experimental group that exceeded 70% compared to the control group without shading. In some cases, the yield of shaded aquatic species even surpassed that of the unshaded control group. Shading can help mitigate temperature fluctuations, maintain stable salinity levels, and promote growth for certain aquaculture species.[28]
Still, further experiments are needed to confirm the viability. The orchid nets were used to simulate sunlight shading rates. In actual fish-solar energy coexistence projects, only floating solar panels are as flexible as the orchid nets without affecting the fish ponds and harvesting. For ground-mounted installations that require pile driving, the height and spacing of the piles may be challenging for machinery operation.[28][29] Other practical concerns remain for fishermen, such as reduced drying pond efficiency, potential obstruction during harvests, and alterations in water flow patterns. Installing the solar structures may impact the directional flow of water and oxygen levels in the fish ponds.[30]
The left photo shows three types of fishery solar farms, with regulations to prevent negative interference on fishery operations:[31][32]
- Pillar Type: Installations involve pillars embedded in the bottom of the pond, with the pool used as a reservoir. Consideration is given to allowing machinery to enter for fishing and operations, with a suggested spacing of at least 2 meters.
- Floating Raft Type: Similar to conventional water surface systems. Must provide feasible plans for aquaculture harvest and avoid interference with standard fishing operations. The floating platforms should be securely anchored.
- Embankment Type: Installed along the paths or embankments of the pond, using them as access paths. Consider spacing at least 6 meters between rows, with the suggested height above the water surface at least 2 meters.
Landowners and Tenant Identification: In Taiwan, most fishery operators own fish farms. However, in Qigu, 80% of the fishermen are tenants. In order to protect the work rights of tenant fishermen, the Energy Administration and Ministry of Economic Affairs published a standardized contract requiring operators to obtain development consent from tenants before applying for electricity permits.[33] Therefore, solar project developers must not only provide a land use consent document from the landowner but also be required to attach a document from the fisherman (tenant) consenting to the solar energy operator's installations. This ensures that aquaculture operations are prioritized and can develop with solar energy. The solar project developers must include the tenant's consent document in various stages: applying for electricity establishment permits, commissioning operations, and green energy usage permits.[34]
Despite efforts to protect the rights of fishermen in Qigu, challenges remain. Cultural practices often mean that lease agreements for fish farms are not formally documented. According to the Qigu Coastal Land Resource Conservation Association, about 70% of tenants have contracts with landowners, typically lasting three years. However, the remaining 30% operate on informal verbal agreements without written leases. With the rise in profitability from solar energy projects, landowners are increasingly motivated to lease their land to solar developers. As a result, many leases in Qigu have shifted to annual contracts, and now, over 90% of tenants are farming without formal leases. This situation has created significant concerns among fishermen, who worry about the lack of security in their farming arrangements.[33]
After the tenants' controversies, the government established working stations and cross-department communications channels in Qigu to coordinate the local issues.[35]
Migrate Birds Habitats: As Taiwan expands aquaculture integrated with solar energy, one developing type is indoor fish farms built with rooftop solar panels. The relatively easy access to financing for indoor fish farms led to a surge in the project. Concerns were raised about the potential environmental impacts of the development, which undermined the ecological functions traditionally provided by open fish ponds. Environmental groups warned that this approach may lead to the disappearance of traditional fish ponds and the degradation of waterbird habitats since migrated birds always use outdoor fish farms as habitats, and changing these farms to indoor types would reduce their land. Environmental advocates criticized the absence of population controls on indoor fish solar farm projects, arguing that without limits on numbers, the concentration of solar energy and aquaculture facilities could lead to ecological imbalances.[36][37]
Employment
Current employment from the fossil fuel sector
Prospective employment from the renewable energy sector
Land availability
設置量從 2025 年 20GW 提升至 2050年 40~80GW，估需再增加土地面積約 2~6 萬公頃；若模組效率提高至 30%，土地需求可降至 1.3 萬~4 萬公頃。https://www.ey.gov.tw/File/E5C4540E618F7DB5?A=C
The government has divided fish farm areas into four categories:[38]
- Pilot Zones(先行區）: Around 47 square kilometers in total and an estimated 1.88 GW potential of installed capacity.[39] These are zones with no significant social and environmental concerns and are allowed to develop solar facilities. The solar developers should fulfill a Self-evaluation form for Environmental and Social Friendly Measurement. By the end of 2020, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture have published the Pilot Zones in the six cities where fishery farms are centralized:[40]
| City | County | Number of Fish Farms | Area(Hectare) | Total Area(Hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiayi City | Dongshi County | 163 | 28 ha | 876 ha |
| Budai Town | 6,147 | 618 ha | ||
| Yijhu County | 2,474 | 231 ha | ||
| Tainan City | Yanshui District | 1,275 | 141 ha | 1,750 ha |
| Syuejia District | 6,959 | 918 ha | ||
| Siaying District | 656 | 92 ha | ||
| Madou District | 4,161 | 505 ha | ||
| Anding District | 304 | 56 ha | ||
| Sinshih District | 151 | 37 ha | ||
| Annan District | 10 | 2 ha | ||
| Kaohsiung City | Cieding District | 137 | 11.57 ha | 621.76 ha |
| Hunei District | 1,401 | 120.86 ha | ||
| Lujhu District | 1,148 | 133.04 ha | ||
| Alian District | 70 | 10.35 ha | ||
| Gangshan District | 366 | 57.73 ha | ||
| Yong‘an District | 219 | 13.91 ha | ||
| Mituo District | 1,631 | 274.31 ha | ||
| Pingtung County | Jiadong Town | 5,358 | 332.22 ha | 666.73 ha |
| Fangliao Town | 5,486 | 334.51 ha | ||
| Changhua County | Dacheng Town | 1,608 | 107.96 ha | 107.96 ha |
| Yunlin County | Taisi Town | 6,588 | 679.12 ha | 679.12 ha |
| Total | 46,312 | 4,703.58 ha (47 km2) | ||
- Prioritized Zones 優先區:[38] Around 66.56 square kilometers have been announced in total by March 2024. After the Pilot Zones announcement in 2020, the government has further identified critical environmental and social issues and announced the Prioritized Zones that similar to the prior Pilot Zones, which have no significant environmental and social concerns and can follow the process as the Pilot Zones to ensure proper implementation. The Prioritized zones have been updated and expanded 17 times between June 2021 and March 2024.
| City | County | Number of Fish Farms | Area(Hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tainan City[41][42][43][44] | Syuejia District | ~658 | 358.62 ha |
| Cigu District | 236.94 ha | ||
| Jiangjun District | 110.48 ha | ||
| Madou District | 62.78 ha | ||
| Chiayi City[45][46][47][48][49][44] | Budai Town | ~1,158 | 147.94 ha |
| Yijhu County | ~5,278 | 684.89 ha | |
| Dongshi County | 260.96 ha | ||
| Kaohsiung City[50][51][52][53][49] | Cieding District | ~577 | 287.19 ha |
| Hunei District | ~880 | 351.89 ha | |
| Lujhu District | ~795 | 355 ha | |
| Gangshan District | ~118 | 51.5 ha | |
| Yong'an District | ~2,885 | 791.27 ha | |
| Mituo District | ~849 | 284.5 ha | |
| Zihguan District | ~65 | 19.32 ha | |
| Alian District | ~336 | 160.38 ha | |
| Pingtung County[54][49][55] | Sinyuan Town | ~1,532 | 267.44 ha |
| Linbian County | 43 | 8.97 ha | |
| Jiadong County | 0.19 ha | ||
| Fangliao County | 0.63 ha | ||
| Jiuru County | 281.4 ha | ||
| Ligang County | 396.44 ha | ||
| Yanpu County | 130.54 ha | ||
| Gaoshu County | 20.14 ha | ||
| Yunlin County[56][49][44] | Kouhu County | ~3,217 | 1,106.61 ha |
| Sihu County | ~189 | 75.5 ha | |
| Taisi County | 0.13 | ||
| Changhua County[57][49] | Fuxing County | 31.11 ha | |
| Fangyuan County | 173.24 ha | ||
| Total | 6,655 ha(66.56 km2) | ||
- Mitigation Focus Zone 關注減緩區:[38] Developers must propose corresponding measures when applying for project permits. As of the end of August 2023, 8,915 hectares have been announced.[39]
- Exclude Zone 迴避區:[38] Areas with siginificant social and environemental concerns. By law, the zones cannot be developed as fish farms or fishery solar farm projects.
Civil Society Engagement
Fishery Solar Farms Environmental and Social Assessment Process:
After the controversies over its impact on the fish farm industry and local ecosystems, the Ministry of Economics Affairs and the Ministry of Agriculture in Taiwan worked with civil society to establish an assessment process. The process is called Fishery Solar Farms Environmental and Social Assessment Process(漁電共生環境與社會檢核), and the purpose is to identify critical issues before development and exclude vulnerable zones from solar energy construction.
The central and local governments are responsible for hosting the assessment and providing transparent data for local citizens and solar developers. The process can be summarized as follows:[7]
- Level Classification(分級分流): Using geographic information as scientific evidence to select fish farms nationwide that have minimal ecological concerns for fishery solar farm projects.
- Issue Identification(議題辨認): Issue identification mechanisms are introduced to produce rapid screening effects. Different mechanisms, procedures, and communication with stakeholders are applied, catering to the complexity of the local environmental and ecological issues. In this way, the process can help balance the effectiveness and efficiency of the identification while also being accountable for the local concerns and ensuring feasibility.
- Environmentally and Socially Friendly Measures / Response Strategies(環境社會友善措施 / 因應對策): Developers in the priority areas, 先行區, with minimal ecological concerns according to assessments are still required to propose environmentally and socially friendly measures to promote the coexistence and mutual benefits of solar energy and aquaculture. For areas with ecological issues, after the "Level Classification" and the "Issue Identification" process, developers must address identified issues at their selected sites by proposing response strategies.
Governmental information
Related governmental policies and papers
SfeaMap(區位查詢系統）: Geographical data and information of all fish farms and its prioritized level.
Relevant governmental ministries and political coalitions
Transmission
Current transmission resources
New transmission needed for renewables
In 2022, Taiwan Power Company, the state-owned enterprise accountable for the national transmission and distribution construction, proposed the "Enhanced Grid Resilience Construction Plan," which will invest 564.5 billion NT dollars(around 17.6 billion US dollars) over ten years.[58]
The investment in decentralized grid projects totals 437.9 billion NT dollars, making it the largest and most diverse section. It includes direct power supply to industrial parks, decentralized green energy supply, clustering of hub nodes, increasing distribution nodes, and enhancing regional dispatching.[58]
To reach the 2050 net-zero target, Taiwan Power Company plans to construct ten transmission lines and nine solar substations, which it aims to complete by 2032.[58] The routes and details of the ten transmission lines and nine solar substations can be seen here: Solar Power Grid: Project Planning and Progress[59]
Social and environmental impacts of new transmission
Ownership of Fishery Solar Projects in Taiwan
Major owners of prospective renewables
Below are Fishery solar projects that are operating or are in the pipeline in Taiwan by 2024:[10]
| Project Name | Installed Capacity(MW) | Status | Owner Company |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chiayi Yizhu Sunnyrich Tai Yang Fishery solar farm | 50 | Operating | Sunny Rich Group [100%] (向陽集團) |
| Chiayi Yizhu Sunnyrich Fishery solar farm | 130 | Construction | |
| 132 | Pre-construction | ||
| Qigu Jhih Guang solar farm | 85 | Operating | Taya Group [85%]; Hengs Technology CO LTD [15%] (大亞集團; 聚恆科技) |
| 35 | Construction | ||
| 35 | Construction | ||
| Tainan Beimen Fishery solar farm | 128 | Operating | J&V Energy Technology CO LTD [100%] (雲豹能源科技股份有限公司) |
| Mituo Da Chuang Green Energy Fishery solar farm | 69 | Operating | Da Chuang Green Energy CO LTD [100%] (大創綠能股份有限公司)[21] |
| Fishery solar farm experimental base - Taixi site | 10 | Operating | Fisheries Research Institute Ministry of Agriculture (農業部水產試驗所)[22] |
| Chiayi Fishery solar farm | 43 | Construction | Taiwan Cement CORP (TCC) [100%] (台灣水泥) |
| Qigu Riyun solar farm | 43 | Construction | HD Renewable Energy Co Ltd [100%] (泓德能源科技股份有限公司) |
| Tainan Qigu Nanxu and Xinritai solar farm | 100 | Construction | Santi Group [100%] (三地集團) |
| 60 | Pre-construction | ||
| Budai solar farm | 150 | Pre-construction | GreenRock Energy; LightSource BP |
| Tainan Jiangjun Indoor Fishery solar farm | 120 | Pre-construction | Ark solar Energy CO LTD [100%] (誠新綠能股份有限公司) |
Finance of Fishery Solar Farms
Most fishery solar farm projects in Taiwan receive domestic and international financial institutions loans. The solar developers then start leasing and integrating processes with land owners.[60]
- Chiayi Yizhu Sunnyrich Fishery solar farm Phase 1, 130MW(向陽多元嘉義義竹漁電共生一期)[61]: SinoPac Bank(永豐商業銀行) provided NT$ 8.88 billion (USD 296 million) joint loan, with participation from Cathay United Bank, Taipei Fubon Bank, China Trust, and 14 other institutions.
- Hsinsheng indoor fishery solar project, 120MW (新勝漁電共生案場), Yizhu Township, Chiayi County.[62][63]: Mega International Commercial Bank(兆豐國際商業銀行) led the first public bank-led joint loan of NT$ 7 billion (USD 233 million), including International Bills Finance and 16 other financial institutions.
- Tainan Jiangjun Indoor Fishery Solar Farm, 120MW(台南將軍室內漁電共生太陽能電廠):[64]: Taipei Fubon Bank(台北富邦商業銀行) completed a joint loan of NT$ 5.64 billion (USD 188 million) with KGI Bank and eight other institutions.
- Tainan Beimen Fishery solar farm, 128MW (台南北門漁電共生光電廠):[65] The lead bank, SinoPac Bank(永豐商業銀行) with International Bills, E.SUN Bank, O-Bank, Shanghai Bank, and Mega Bills completed a joint loan of NT$ 62.22 billion(approximately USD 2.06 billion) with J&V Energy Technology Co. Ltd.
- Madou, Tainan fishery solar farm project, 160MW: [66] International Bills Finance((國際票券)) is the lead bank for a joint loan of NT$7.5 billion(approximately USD 250 million).
- Xinhe Energy Development Co Ltd(新和能源開發):[67] KGI Bank(凱基銀行) leads a joint loan worth NT$ 5.64 billion (approximately USD 188 million) for the Xinhe Energy Development lasting for 15 years. The project is co-led by Taipei Fubon Bank (co-lead), and participated by O-Bank, Mega Bank, Agricultural Bank, Taichung Bank, Kaohsiung Bank, AnTai Bank, Lianbang Bank, and Banxin Bank.
- New Green Power(NGP)(永鑫能源):[68] has successfully raised NT$ 4.2 billion (approximately USD 134 million) in green project financing aimed at constructing six fish-solar coexistence solar power plants, with a total installed capacity of 78 MW. This financing marks a first in Taiwan’s market, featuring large-scale fish-solar energy project financing led by international banks, including BNP Paribas, Société Générale, and Standard Chartered. The initial tranche of financing has already been allocated, which will be utilized for the 12.5 MW fish-solar project in Kaohsiung.
- Kaohsiung City Fishery Solar Projects Loan Cooperation Memorandum 漁電共生專案貸款合作備忘錄: Six major banks were successfully engaged: Bank of Taiwan, Changhua Bank, Yongfeng Bank, Taipei Fubon Bank, Kaohsiung Bank, and Mega Bank. Today, Kaohsiung City Deputy Mayor Lin Chin-jung represented the city government in signing the memorandum.[69]
- Qigu Riyun solar farm, 42.898 MW(七股日雲太陽能電廠):[70] HD Renewable Energy Co.,Ltd.(泓德能源科) completed a joint loan amounting to NT$2.089 billion (approximately USD 69.6 million.) for the Qigu Riyun solar farm of 42.898 MW under its subsidiary, Aquastar Energy Corporation(星鱻電力). The loan is co-led by International Bills Finance and O-Bank, with participation from Kaohsiung Bank and the National Agricultural Bank. This is the fishery solar project in Taiwan to undergo environmental and social assessments independently by the private sector, and also established a subsidiary, STAR Aquaculture(星源漁業), to engage in ecological aquaculture.
Articles and resources
Related GEM.wiki articles
References
- ↑ 淨零十二項關鍵戰略>風電/光電(經濟部), National Council for Sustainable Development 行政院國家永續發展委員會, Retrieved on July 23 2024.
- ↑ 國家基本資料__自然環境現況, Academia Sinica 中央研究院, Retrieved on July 30 2024
- ↑ 人口密度, Executive Yuan 行政院, Ministry of the Interior 內政部, March 29 2024
- ↑ 淨零12項關鍵戰略行動計劃(草案)關鍵戰略1-風電/光電, BUREAU OF ENERGY, MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS 經濟部能源局, April 2023
- ↑ 2025能源轉型目標因疫情、經濟成長等因素有比例變動 但已有推動模式全力追趕進度, Ministry of Economic Affairs of Taiwan 經濟部, Aug 3 2023
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 綠能科技產業創新推動方案, Executive Yuan 行政院, Ministry of Economic Affairs of Taiwan 經濟部, Ministry of Finance 財政部, Nov 8 2023
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 漁電共生申設資訊, Solar Fishery Environmental and Social Assessment 漁電共生環社檢核, Retrieved in July 30 2024
- ↑ 電力統計, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs 經濟部能源署, Retrieved in Aug 12 2024
- ↑ E-Stat能源統計-資料查詢-電力統計, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs 經濟部能源署,retrieved in Sep 13 2024
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Global Solar Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, released in June 2024
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Global Wind Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, released in June 2024
- ↑ Global Hydropower Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, released in April 2024
- ↑ Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, released in February 2024.
- ↑ Global Nuclear Power Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, released in July 2024.
- ↑ Shen’ao plant halted after Taoyuan plant approved, RTI (Radio Taiwan International), Oct 12 2018
- ↑ Nuclear-free homeland policy remains unchanged, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, June 7 2016
- ↑ Taiwan 2050 Net Zero Transition- Wind and Solar Strategy Plan 臺灣 2050 淨零轉型「風電/光電」關鍵戰略行動計畫, Ministry of Economic Affairs 經濟部, April 2023
- ↑ Net Zero 12 Strategies Action Plan - Wind and Solar 淨零12項關鍵戰略行動計劃(草案)關鍵戰略1-風電/光電, Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs 經濟部能源局, Jan 2023
- ↑ 全台最大漁電共生 大亞志光首期商轉 里長盼當良好示範, Environmental Information Center 環境資訊中心, Oct 2 2023
- ↑ 示範綠能轉型 全台最大規模漁電共生場域啟用, Green Energy & Environment Research Laboratories(GEL), Industrial Technology Research Institute 再生能源資訊網-工業技術研究院綠能與環境研究所, Jan 16 2024
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 大創綠能彌陀一期與台電系統併網成功 每年將供8750萬度電, UP MEdia 上報, April 29 2024
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 百年傳統，勇於創新-漁電共生試驗育成基地完工啟用, Fishery Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture 農業部水產試驗所, Nov 15 2022
- ↑ 淨零轉型之階段目標及關鍵戰略, National Development Council, Taiwan, Dec 28 2022
- ↑ 【活動回顧】邁向2050碳中和－減量路徑與法制工具之研析 研習營紀實, Risk Society and Policy Research Center, National Taiwan University, Dec 28 2020
- ↑ 報告評析：中研院臺灣淨零科技研發政策建議書, TCAN Taiwan Climate Action Network, Jan 4 2023
- ↑ 設置「漁電共生」地面型綠能設施遮蔽率計算方式之疑義, Agricultural Green Energy, Taiwan Research Institute on Water Resources and Agriculture 農業綠能發展資訊網, March 6 2019
- ↑ 漁電共生首要保障養殖戶權益 綠能加值創造雙贏, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs 經濟部能源署, May 19 2021
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 漁電共生真的養得出魚嗎？水試所試驗9種水產可行，尚缺實際應用 能否落實查核成關鍵, 上下游News & Market, Sep 20 2022
- ↑ 「2022農漁業綠能應用國際研討會」活動紀要, 農業部水產試驗所 Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Oct 28 2022
- ↑ 水試所模擬漁電共生產量可達原來7成，現場管理問題仍待解, 農傳媒 AgriHarvest, Dec 6 2018
- ↑ 漁電共生政策說明, Ministry of Economic Affairs of Taiwan, Aug 31 2021
- ↑ 影／養殖漁民兼職發電業意願高 王美花允推動漁電共生專區, The Watch Media 觀傳媒, Jan 7 2021
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 當光電包圍漁村：七股漁電共生風波再起，居民在抗議什麼？, The Reporters 報導者, Nov 11 2022
- ↑ 漁電共生複合新制，承租人同意書文件在什麼時間點出具？, National Property Administration, Ministry of Finance 財政部國有財產署, March 6 2024
- ↑ 澄清媒體錯誤報導 七股光電爭議經濟部已於去年立即回應當地訴求並成立工作站積極處理, Ministry of Economic Affairs 經濟部, Feb 14 2023
- ↑ 【聯合聲明】環社檢核管不到 室內漁電恐失控, Taiwan Wild Bird Federation, Aug 30 2022
- ↑ 傳統魚塭和水鳥棲地一起消失？ 環團：光電進軍室內漁電 共生恐將失控, 環境資訊中心 Environmental Information Center, Aug 31 2022
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Fishery Solar Farms Environmental and Social Assessment Process and Promotion Plan 漁電共生環社檢核推動規劃, Fishery Solar Farms Environmental and Social Assessment Platform 漁電共生環社檢核, Retrieved in Aug 9 2024
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 面對國內養殖漁業與能源轉型之挑戰，推動漁電共生政策之立意雖佳，惟仍宜妥為規劃配套措施與溝通，俾利落實政策目標, Legislative Yuan, Taiwan, Sep, 2023
- ↑ 2020 Chiayi County, Tainan City, Kaohsiung City, Pingtung County, Changhua County and Yunlin County prioritized areas for Fishery and Green Energy 109年度公告嘉義縣、臺南市、高雄市、屏東縣、彰化縣及雲林縣可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Jan 24 2024
- ↑ 110年6月16日公告臺南市學甲區可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, June 16 2021
- ↑ 111年12月1日公告臺南市七股區可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Dec 1 2022
- ↑ 111年12月21日公告新增臺南市將軍區及麻豆區可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Dec 21 2022
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 113年3月1日公告新增雲林縣、嘉義縣及臺南市可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, March 1 2024
- ↑ 110年9月28日公告嘉義縣布袋鎮及義竹鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Sep 28 2021
- ↑ 111年3月9日公告新增嘉義縣義竹鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, March 9 2022
- ↑ 111年5月6日公告新增嘉義縣布袋鎮及義竹鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, May 6 2022
- ↑ 111年8月24日公告新增嘉義縣東石鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Aug 24 2022
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 111年11月21日公告「新增彰化縣、雲林縣、嘉義縣、高雄市及屏東縣可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍」, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Nov 21 2022
- ↑ 110年10月18日公告高雄市茄萣區、湖內區、路竹區、岡山區及阿蓮區可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Oct 18 2021
- ↑ 110年10月21日公告高雄市永安區、彌陀區及梓官區可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Oct 21 2021
- ↑ 111年1月20日公告新增高雄市路竹區、岡山區、阿蓮區及彌陀區可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Jan 20 2022
- ↑ 111年5月10日公告新增高雄市湖內區、路竹區、岡山區、阿蓮區、永安區、彌陀區及梓官區可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, May 10 2022
- ↑ 110年10月19日公告屏東縣新園鄉及林邊鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Oct 19 2021
- ↑ 111年12月21日公告屏東縣九如鄉、里港鄉、鹽埔鄉及高樹鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Dec 21 2022
- ↑ 110年11月11日公告雲林縣口湖鄉及四湖鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Nov 11 2021
- ↑ 111年9月15日公告新增彰化縣福興鄉及芳苑鄉可優先推動漁業經營結合綠能之區位範圍, Energy Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Sep 15 2022
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 強化電網韌性建設計畫, Taiwan Power Company, July 28 2023
- ↑ 太陽光電加強電力網工程規劃及進度, CEI.org 中國工程師學會, Sep 2023
- ↑ 【投書】經濟民主作為能源轉型的社會基盤：邁向自主、自用、及地域利益為核心的農漁電政策, CommonWealth Opinion 獨立評論在天下, April 19 2024
- ↑ 友善環境 永豐統籌向陽88.8億漁電共生聯貸, BankSinoPac, Aug 9 2022
- ↑ 公股首發 兆豐銀籌組70億漁電共生大型聯貸案完成簽約, UDN 聯合報, May 28 2024
- ↑ 首宗公股銀行主籌，泓德能源完成70億元漁電共生聯貸！16家金融業搶進，超額認購1.78倍, 今周刊ESG永續台灣 ESG Businesstoday, May 28 2024
- ↑ 北富銀統籌主辦新和能源漁電共生56.4億元聯貸案, Fubon Financial 富邦金控, Oct 24 2022
- ↑ 雲豹能源攜手6家銀行 簽訂全台最大漁電共生聯貸案, J&V Energy Technology Co. Ltd. 雲豹能源, Oct 21 2021
- ↑ 聯邦集團投資全台最大漁電共生太陽能電廠 國際票券主辦聯貸, anue 鉅亨網, Mar 29 2022
- ↑ 凱基銀行統籌主辦「新和能源開發」新臺幣56.4億元聯貸案 大型屋頂型漁電共生聯貸案 獲金融業高度支持超額認購, CTWant, Oct 24 2022
- ↑ 永鑫能源完成大型漁電共生綠色融資 搶攻市場商機, New Green Power(NGP) 永鑫能源, Dec 20 2023
- ↑ 漁電共生先行區說明會湖內場有亮點!專案貸款6家銀行齊支持, Marine Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government 高雄市政府海洋局, April 29 2021
- ↑ 日運能源簽 20.89 億元漁電共生聯貸案 力拚 2023 年完工, CyberSecureNews, Oct 29 2022
