Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipeline

From Global Energy Monitor
This article is part of the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker, a project of Global Energy Monitor.
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Nord Stream 2 Gas Pipeline (Russian: Северный Поток - 2) is a mothballed gas pipeline running from Russia to Germany.[1]

Location

The pipeline would run from Ust-Luga, Russia to Greifswald, Germany.[2] As mapped below, the route would also pass through the marine exclusive economic zones of Finland, Sweden, and Denmark.

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Project details

  • Operator: Nord Stream 2 AG
  • Owner: Gazprom International Projects LLC [100%][3]
  • Parent company: Gazprom [100%][3]
  • Capacity: 55 billion cubic meters per year[2]
  • Length: 764 miles / 1,230 kilometers[4]
  • Diameter: 45 inches / 1,153 mm[5]
  • Status: Mothballed[6][7]
  • Cost: €9.5 billion (US$11.6 billion)[8]
  • Financing: BASF/Wintershall [10%]; Engie [10%]; Uniper [10%]; OMV [10%]; Shell plc [10%]; Wintershall, Engie, Uniper, OMV, and Shell plc will each fund up to €950 million, with the remaining project costs to be financed by Gazprom[8]
  • Start year: 2022[9][10]

Background

Route

The route of additional lines would mainly follow the route of existing lines, except in the Russian onshore and offshore sections.[11][12] In Russia, 866 km (538 mi) of new pipeline and three compressor stations would be built, and five existing compressor stations would be expanded for feeding Nord Stream 2. Nord Stream 2 will start at the Slavyanskaya compressor station near Ust-Luga port, located 2.8 km (1.7 mi) southeast of the village of Bolshoye Kuzyomkino (Narvusi) in the Kingiseppsky District of the Leningrad Oblast, in the historical Ingria close to the Estonian border. Its landfall would be at the Kurgalsky Peninsula on the shore of Narva Bay.[12]

A detailed route of the completed pipeline was downloaded from OpenStreetMap / Open Infrastructure Map (onshore[13] and offshore[14] sections).

The onshore pipeline connects to Gryazovets-Vyborg Gas Pipeline and Gryazovets-Leningrad Gas Pipeline at the Volkhovskaya compressor station. The onshore section ends at Slavyanskaya compressor station, where the offshore section starts. The offshore section ends at Energie und Technologiepark Lubmin near Greifswald, Germany.

Project development

In 2011, Nord Stream AG started evaluation of an expansion of the Nord Stream Gas Pipeline project which would include two additional lines (later named Nord Stream 2) to increase the overall annual capacity up to 110 billion cubic meters (3.9 trillion cubic feet). In August 2012, Nord Stream AG applied to the Finnish and Estonian governments for route studies in their underwater exclusive economic zones for the third and fourth lines.[15] The idea of routing the additional pipelines to the United Kingdom was considered but abandoned.[11][16] In January 2015, it was announced that the expansion project was put on hold since the existing lines were running at only half capacity due to EU restrictions on Gazprom.[17]

In June 2015, an agreement to build two additional lines was signed between Gazprom, Royal Dutch Shell, E.ON, OMV, and Engie.[18] As the creation of a joint venture was blocked by Poland, on 24 April 2017, Uniper, Wintershall, Engie, OMV and Royal Dutch Shell signed a financing agreement with Nord Stream 2 AG, a subsidiary of Gazprom responsible for the development of the Nord Stream 2 project. According to the agreement, each of five companies will provide €950 million, of which €285 million should be paid in 2017. The loan from the five companies will cover 50% of the project costs of €9.5 billion. The rest would be financed by Gazprom who remains the sole shareholder of Nord Stream 2 AG.[19] Although the pipeline has received no formal approvals from Denmark, Sweden and Finland, it is scheduled to become operational in 2019–2020.[19][20] In August 2019 the pipeline was reported to be 70% complete.[21] According to the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG), an industry group, in their Ten Year Network Development Plan released in November 2019, the total cost of the project is 8 billion Euros (9 billion USD).[22] Nord Stream 2's ENTSOG TYNDP Project Code is TRA-F-937.[22]

Following delays to the project's originally planned start date of mid-2020, in June 2020 Gazprom announced that the pipeline was on course to be commissioned by the end of 2020 or early 2021. The company was also seeking a permit from authorities in Denmark in order to use pipe-laying vessels with anchors to complete the pipeline in Danish waters. A decision from the Danish Energy Agency is expected in July 2020.[23]

In July 2020, the Danish Energy Agency gave Nord Stream 2 permission to use pipe-laying vessels with anchors to complete the final 120 kilometre stretch of the gas pipeline in Danish waters.[24]

In August 2020, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov met with German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas. Speaking at a joint news conference after the talks, both sides confirmed they plan to finish the project, despite pressure from Washington to stop the project.[25]

In September 2020, the co-chair of the German Green party, Katrin Göring-Eckardt, urged Chancellor Angela Merkel to end their country's involvement in the pipeline. This was a reiteration of the Green party's long held stance against the pipeline on the grounds that it runs "counter to the goals of the European Energy Union by increasing the EU’s energy dependency on Russia, giving it extra strategic leverage" according to IJGlobal. Citing the poisoning of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny as rationale, Göring-Eckardt stated "Nord Stream 2 is no longer something we can jointly pursue with Russia.”[26]

Other German lawmakers, including Norbert Röttgen, a candidate for chancellor from Merkel's own CDU party, have also lobbied for the project to be abandoned in the aftermath of Navalny's poisoning.[27][28] Merkel reportedly is in agreement with her foreign minister Heiko Maas who commented in early September 2020: "I hope the Russians don't force us to change our position on Nord Stream 2".[29]

Amidst this renewed controversy, German Finance Minister Olaf Scholz reportedly attempted to bolster the pipeline's prospects by reaching out to United States Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, offering to build two new LNG terminals to receive U.S. natural gas exports in exchange for the lifting of U.S. sanctions against Nord Stream 2.[28]

According to the BBC, construction of the pipeline was 93% complete as of September 9th, 2020 but "for the first time since building began almost a decade ago, the future of the pipeline looks threatened."[30]

As of September 2020, Russian officials estimate Nord Stream 2 to be completed in Q4 2020 or Q1 2021.[26] However, that same month Bloomberg reported that "ambition now seems under threat."[29] In mid-October 2020, and with approximately 150 kilometres of Nord Stream 2 remaining to be laid in Danish and German waters, Germany's foreign minister Heiko Maas told German media that he "assumes" the project will be completed although significant doubts remain as to when completion will be achieved. S&P Global reported that there are no indications of when final construction work will take place, noting that the pipe-laying vessel expected to carry out the work, the Akademik Cherskiy, was anchored in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Kaliningrad in October. Despite rising geopolitical tensions and speculation over the project in the second half of 2020, and calls for coordinated European action, the project has not been subject to any EU measures.[31]

In late November 2020, Deutsche Welle reported construction of the "short stretch of the pipeline" remaining was set to resume in early December 2020.[2] However, on December 8, 2020 Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) reported that the vessel set to complete the construction was headed away from the site, despite never finishing the job. DUH interpreted this to mean that further construction of Nord Stream 2 is apparently canceled.[32] On December 11, 2020, a Nord Stream 2 spokesperson confirmed to S&P Global that the pipe-laying vessel Fortuna was resuming work to lay a 2.6 kilometre section of the pipeline in the German Exclusive Economic Zone. This resumption of work in German waters less than 30 metres deep is the first construction development in almost a year since work was suspended due to the threat of US sanctions against pipe-layers. No information was forthcoming from the company on when and how the longer remaining section of pipeline will be laid in deeper Danish waters.[33] In a December 24, 2020 speech, Gazprom Chairman Alexey Miller stated "we have resumed the construction of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline."[34] Gazprom confirmed to Reuters on December 28, 2020 that it had completed the pipe-laying for the 2.6 kilometre section in German waters.[35]

New U.S. sanctions on Nord Stream 2 passed into law on January 1, 2021 when the U.S. Congress passed the National Defense Authorization Act. These updated sanctions appear to be aimed at further hampering and delaying the project by widening the number of business entities which would face penalties should they assist the completion of Nord Stream 2 in Danish waters. According to Platts, the vessel Fortuna is expected to resume pipe-laying work on January 15, 2021, and the 150 kilometer Danish section could take three and a half months to complete followed by another month or two of testing. A Platts Analytics forecast estimates that the project could start operations in the third quarter of 2021, delayed by one quarter due to the latest sanctions.[36] The Financial Times also reported that Gazprom will commence pipe laying in a section of the Baltic Sea administered by Denmark on January 15.[37]

In mid-January 2021, the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH) issued a permit for the completion of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline in Germany's Economic Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). German media also noted that the completion could still be delayed by legal action from environmental groups as the remaining 30 km stretch of the pipeline runs through the edge of a conservation area for birds.[38]

Bloomberg reported on January 25, 2021 that the pipelaying vessel Fortuna had started working at the Nord Stream 2 construction site in Danish waters, and that the work being done was being performed in line with relevant permits from Danish authorities and precedes the actual construction of the gas pipeline.[39] In early March 2021, it was reported that a second Russian pipelaying vessel, the Adakemik Cherskiy was due to join the operation to lay the final pipeline section in Danish waters. The arrival of the Adakemik Cherskiy is expected to speed up completion of the project, though the timeline for completion remains unclear.[40]

In May 2021, the new U.S. administration of President Joe Biden demonstrated that it was grappling to balance its approach to Nord Stream 2. The U.S. State Department has waives sanctions against Nord Stream 2 AG, the pipeline company entity, and its CEO Matthias Warnig, a former East German intelligence officer and close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin.[41] The Biden administration is instead expected to impose sanctions on several Russian ships involved in the pipeline construction. In a press statement, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken commented: "Today’s actions demonstrate the Administration’s commitment to energy security in Europe, consistent with the President's pledge to rebuild relationships with our allies and partners in Europe. We will continue to oppose the completion of this project, which would weaken European energy security and that of Ukraine and Eastern flank NATO and EU countries. Our opposition to the Nord Stream 2 pipeline is unwavering."[42]

In early June 2021, Russia's deputy prime minister Alexander Novak claimed that there were only 62 miles of the pipeline remaining to be built in the Baltic Sea. German environmental group Deutsche Umwelthilfe confirmed that it had applied for Nord Stream 2's construction and operating permit to be revoked on climate protection grounds, based on a new ruling by Germany's top constitutional court which has tightened the country's climate law.[43] On June 4, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced that the first line of Nord Stream 2 had been completed and the second line would be finished within two months.[44] Geopolitical manoeuvrings around the controversial pipeline are continuing, with the German and US governments seeking to formulate a joint stance by August ahead of German parliamentary elections on September 26. At stake, according to US Secretary of State Anthony Blinken, is agreement on measures to ensure that Nord Stream 2 is not used for "negative purposes, as a tool of coercion or blackmail, and that the interests of countries like Ukraine are protected, both economically and strategically".[45] In a Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung article, Poland's foreign minister Zbigniew Rau criticised Germany's support of the pipeline, writing that the "completion of Nord Stream 2 will create a great security deficit on Nato's eastern flank and Ukraine will find itself in a security void".[46]

In July 22, 2021, an agreement was reached between the U.S. President Joe Biden and German Chancellor Angela Merkel that will allow for the completion of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline.[47] In response, Ukraine demanded formal talks with Brussels and Berlin on the pipeline, invoking a clause of its agreement with the EU on political association and economic integration. The Ukrainian-Polish statement says U.S. President Joe Biden's decision to stop opposing the pipeline "has created political, military and energy threat for Ukraine and Central Europe, while increasing Russia's potential to destabilize the security situation in Europe, perpetuating divisions among NATO and European Union member states."[48]

In August 2021, the German courts rejected Nord Stream 2's application to be excluded from European rules requiring that pipeline operators be separate companies from those who supply the shipped gas, implying another setback.[49]

On November 16, 2021, the Bundesnetzagentur, Germany's energy market regulator, temporarily suspended the procedure to certify Nord Stream 2 AG as an independent transmission operator, stating it "would only be possible to certify an operator of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline if that operator was organised in a legal form under German law."[50] The suspension of the certification process led some analysts to speculate that the pipeline will not be able to begin commercial operations until mid-2022 at the earliest.[51] On November 22, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced further US sanctions on the project under the Protecting Europe's Energy Security Act of 2019. Transadria Ltd. and its Marlin vessel became the latest entities connected to Nord Stream 2 to be sanctioned by the US.[52]

European & American Opposition

The former president of the European Council Donald Tusk has said that Nord Stream 2 is not in the EU's interests.[53] Former Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán have questioned the different treatment of the Nord Stream 2 and South Stream projects.[53][54] The project is considered to violate the long-term declared strategy of the EU to diversify its gas supplies.[55] A letter, signed by the leaders of nine EU countries, was sent to the European Commission in March 2016, warning that the Nord Stream 2 project contradicts European energy policy requirements that suppliers to the EU should not control the energy transmission assets, and that access to the energy infrastructure must be secured for non-consortium companies.[56][57] A letter by American lawmakers John McCain and Marco Rubio to the EU also criticized the project in July 2016.[58] Isabelle Kocher, chief executive officer of Engie, criticised American sanctions targeting the projects, and said they were an attempt to promote American gas in Europe.[59] Although construction has started on Nord Stream 2, the government of Denmark wants to have its foreign ministry prevent it being routed through Danish waters, and a bill is proposed to go through Parliament in October 2017, giving the foreign ministry the authority to do so. Supporters of the pipeline, including Germany, believe that unlawful deference has been made to US wishes of the project not proceeding.[60] In July 2019, citing opposition from the Danish government, Nord Stream 2's sponsors formally withdrew their application to build the pipeline through Danish territory.[61]

In January 2018, former United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said that the U.S. and Poland "oppose" the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. They see it as undermining Europe's overall energy security and stability.[62] On January 31, 2018, Germany granted Nord Stream 2 a permit for construction and operation in German waters and landfall areas near Lubmin.[63] In March 2018 Nord Stream 2 AG received permits for construction and operation of the pipeline in the German Exclusive Economic Zone.[64]

Construction completed

On September 10, 2021, construction of the pipeline was completed in German waters, though a date for the pipeline becoming operational remained unclear.[65]

Before Nord Stream 2 can start operating Nord Stream 2 AG, the operator of the pipeline, has to go through three key stages of regulatory approval. Germany's energy regulator Bundesnetzagentur must first make a draft judgment by January 8, 2022, on whether the company can be certified as an independent transmission system operator under German energy laws. From there, the European Commission will have two months to decide if the project complies with European unbundling rules that require pipeline owners to be different from suppliers of gas flowing in them to ensure fair competition. The final regulatory hurdle, which could extend into May 2022, requires an ultimate approval from Bundesnetzagentur.[9]

Bundesnetzagentur suspended the procedure to certify Nord Stream 2 AG as an independent transmission operator on November 16, 2021.[50]

On December 16, 2021, Bundesnetzagentur President Jochen Homann stated there would be no decisions in the first half of 2022 on Nord Stream 2's certification, effectively delaying the operational date until July 2022 onward.[10]

On January 26, 2022, Nord Stream 2 AG announced that to satisfy German legal requirements it had created a German subsidiary, Gas for Europe GmbH, which is to become the owner and operator of the 54 kilometre section of the undersea pipeline in German territorial waters and the landfall facility on Germany's Baltic Sea coast. Bundesnetzagentur responded by saying that the restarting of the pipeline's certification process remained unclear.[66] Amidst heightening diplomatic tensions over a potential Russian military attack against Ukraine, Germany's foreign minister, Annalena Baerbock, said for the first time that Nord Stream 2 would be affected by sanctions in the event of Russian aggression, though she added that she would prefer to "continue the dialogue" with Moscow.[67] Russia's news agency Tass reported clarifying comments from Jochen Homann, the head of Bundesnetzagentur, which were published in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung at the end of January: "As Germany's laws require, a company needed for the certification has been established and entered into the trade register. But further steps are lacking. We expect Nord Stream 2 to lodge all necessary documents," Homann said. "Only when they are provided in full, we will be able to resume their consideration. If we look at various time limits, one arrives at the conclusion that it is highly ever (sic) probable that the application's consideration will be over in the first six months." Homann further noted that should Gas for Europe GmbH fail to be certified, then a court case could result which would likely lead to an extended delay for the project.[68]

Project's future in doubt following Russia's invasion of Ukraine

On February 22, 2022, Vladimir Putin received authorization from Russian lawmakers to use military force outside of Russian borders, potentially presaging a border attack on Ukraine.[69] In response, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz withdrew a report about the pipeline's impact on Germany's gas supply security. This step rescinded the previous German government's certification of the pipeline, reinforcing the expected delays of the project and even suggesting an uncertain future.[70][71]

On March 1, 2022, following five days of Russia's military invasion of Ukraine, Reuters reported that the Swiss-registered Nord Stream 2 company was considering filing for insolvency. The development followed tougher sanctions placed on Nord Stream 2 by the US government after Russia recognised two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine prior to its invasion of the country in the last week of February. Switzerland's Economy Minister also disclosed that all 140 of Nord Stream's staff who worked for the company in the Swiss city of Zug had been fired. Shell, part of the Nord Stream 2 consortium, confirmed that it will exit all of its Russia-linked operations, including Nord Stream 2. Unnamed sources said that formal insolvency proceedings could begin in a Swiss court in the first week of March.[72] Other investors in Nord Stream 2, Wintershall Dea, OMV and Uniper, followed Shell in exiting the project. The German utility Uniper announced on March 8 that it had written off €695 million in loans to Nord Stream 2 plus €292 million in accrued interest payments, and was expecting additional losses of €100 million which it would no longer be able to recoup as interest from its loans to the project.[73]

2022 explosions

Nord Stream gas pipeline and Nord Stream 2 gas pipelines were ruptured due to unexplained explosions in September, 2022. The pressure drop on both strings of the pipeline were registered on September 26, 2022.[74] Both strings of Nord Stream gas pipeline and one string of Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline were damaged. The location of the rupture was identified as the Swedish and Danish exclusive economic zones.[74]

On September 28, 2022, Russia initiated a case on international terrorism. President Putin announced that the explosions were an act of diversion aimed at destruction of the European energy infrastructure, blaming the West.[75][76][77] President Biden called the incident "a deliberate act of sabotage" and accused Russia of "pumping out disinformation and lies".[78][79]

Both Nord Stream gas pipelines are mothballed with no immediate plans to repair or reactivate them.[80][81]

Articles and resources

References

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  33. ↑ Stuart Elliott, "Nord Stream 2 resumes gas link pipelaying work in German waters: operator", S&P Global, Dec. 11, 2020
  34. ↑ "Speech by Alexey Miller at conference call on occasion of New Year's Eve". www.gazprom.com. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
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  36. ↑ Nick Cunningham, "The Last-Ditch Effort To Block Nord Stream 2", The Fuse, Jan. 4, 2021
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  39. ↑ Dina Khrennikova, "Russian Vessel Starts Nord Stream 2 Work in Danish Waters", Bloomberg, Jan. 25, 2021
  40. ↑ Stuart Elliott, "Second pipelayer to join Nord Stream 2 gas link pipelaying operation: developer", S&P Global, Mar. 4, 2021
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  42. ↑ "Nord Stream 2: US to waive sanctions against leading company", Deutsche Welle, May 19, 2021
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  44. ↑ Vladimir Soldatkin and Katya Golubkova,"First Line of Nord Stream 2 Pipeline Completed, Putin Says", Offshore Engineer, Jun. 4, 2021
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  46. ↑ David Sheppard and Nastassia Astrasheuskaya, "Ukraine says Russian gas supply curbs to Europe are ‘blackmail’", Financial Times, Jul. 1, 2021
  47. ↑ "US and Germany have Nord Stream 2 deal, but lack authority to implement it". Politico. July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
  48. ↑ "Ukraine hits back as US, Germany reach deal on Nord Stream 2". Politico. July 22, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
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  60. ↑ 02.09.2017. "Media: the Danish authorities intend to "push" the law against the "Nord stream-2" | The Newspapers". Retrieved 2017-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ Nord Stream-2 pulls plug on Danish route for Russian gas, New Europe, Jul. 2, 2019
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  63. ↑ "Germany grants permit for Nord Stream 2 Russian gas pipeline". Reuters. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  64. ↑ Nord Stream 2 receives full set of permits in Germany, Interfax-Ukraine, Mar. 27, 2018
  65. ↑ Vladimir Soldatkin, Russia completes Nord Stream 2 construction, gas flows yet to start, Reuters, Sep. 10, 2021
  66. ↑ Nord Stream 2 Opens German Subsidiary To Get Regulatory Approval, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Jan. 27, 2022
  67. ↑ Ukraine crisis: Nord Stream 2 pipeline could be axed, US warns, BBC, Jan. 27, 2022
  68. ↑ German regulator expects decision on Nord Stream 2 operator’s certification after June, Tass, Jan. 30, 2022
  69. ↑ "Ukraine crisis: Putin gets OK to use force outside Russia". AP NEWS. 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
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  71. ↑ Eddy, Melissa (2022-02-22). "Germany puts a stop to Nord Stream 2, a key Russian natural gas pipeline". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  72. ↑ Exclusive: Nord Stream 2 owner considers insolvency after sanctions, Reuters, Mar. 1, 2022
  73. ↑ Uniper takes €1bn Nord Stream 2 hit and signals shift from Russian gas, Financial Times, Mar. 8, 2022
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Nord Stream AG. ""Incident on the Nord Stream Pipeline (updated 14/11/2022)" - Press Releases - Nord Stream AG". Nord Stream AG. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  75. ↑ "Что известно о газопроводах "Северный поток" и об их подрыве". TACC (in русский). Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  76. ↑ "Путин назвал ЧП на «Северных потоках» актом государственного терроризма". Известия (in русский). 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  77. ↑ "Путин сообщил, что "Газпром" исследовал места взрывов на "Северных потоках"". TACC (in русский). Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  78. ↑ "Biden says Nord Stream pipeline damage was "a deliberate act of sabotage"". Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  79. ↑ Allie Malloy,Maegan Vazquez (2022-09-30). "Biden calls Nord Stream pipeline leaks a 'deliberate act of sabotage' | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  80. ↑ "Russia set to mothball damaged Nord Stream gas pipelines". www.euractiv.com. 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  81. ↑ "«Северные потоки» пройдут декомпрессию". Коммерсантъ (in русский). 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-07-20.

External resources

External articles

Wikipedia also has an article on Nord Stream (Nord Stream). This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

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