Northern Gateway Oil Pipeline Project

From Global Energy Monitor
This article is part of the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker, a project of Global Energy Monitor.
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The Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines was a project to build a twin pipeline from Bruderheim, Alberta to Kitimat, British Columbia. The eastbound pipeline would import natural gas condensate and the westbound pipeline would export diluted bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands to the marine terminal in Kitimat for transportation to the Asian markets by oil tankers. The project would also include terminal facilities with "integrated marine infrastructure at tidewater to accommodate loading and unloading of oil and condensate tankers, and marine transportation of oil and condensate."[1] The CAN$7.9 billion[2] project was proposed in the mid-2000s and has been postponed several times. The project would be developed by Enbridge, Inc., a Canadian crude oil and liquids pipeline and storage company.

When completed, the pipeline and terminal would have provided 104 permanent operating positions created within the company and 113 positions with the associated marine services.[3] First Nations groups, many municipalities, including the Union of BC Municipalities, environmentalists and oil sands opponents, among others, denounced the project because of the environmental, economic, social and cultural risks posed by the pipeline. Proponents argued that the pipeline would have provided aboriginal groups with equity ownership, training, employment, Community Trust and stewardship programs; along with the large scale infrastructure to keep Canada prosperous. The Federal Court of Appeal has ruled that consultation with First Nations was woefully inadequate, and has overturned the approval.

The proposal has been heavily criticized by native groups.[4] Groups like the Yinka Dene Alliance have been organized to campaign against the project. In December 2010, 66 First Nations bands in British Columbia, including many along the proposed pipeline route, signed Save The Fraser Declaration in opposition to the project, and 40 more have signed up in support since that time.[5] The proposal is also opposed by numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs), citing previous spills [6] and concerns over oil sands expansion and the associated risks in transportation. By 2015, 26 of 45 have signed up in support of the Northern Gateway.[2]

In June 2014 the Northern Gateway pipeline project was approved by the federal government, subject to 209 conditions.[2] The CBC questioned the silence concerning the Northern Gateway since then and suggested that Enbridge might have quietly shelved the project.[2] Upon taking office in 2015, new Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau imposed a ban on oil tanker traffic on the North Coast of British Columbia, effectively killing the project.[7] On November 29th, 2016 Justin Trudeau officially rejected plans for the pipeline.

In 2019, the newly elected Alberta government indicated an interest in reviving the project, but the Enbridge's chief executive said there is little chance that will happen.[8]

Location

The proposed pipeline would run from Bruderheim, Alberta, to Kitimat, British Colombia.[9]

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Project Details

  • Operator: Enbridge[10]
  • Owner: Enbridge[10]
  • Parent company: Enbridge[10]
  • Capacity: 525,000 barrels per day
  • Length: 1,177 km (731 mi)[10]
  • Diameter:
  • Status: Cancelled[10]
  • Start year:
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:

History

The project was proposed in the mid-2000s and has been postponed several times. It was announced in 2006. Enbridge signed a cooperation agreement with PetroChina in 2005 to ensure the utilization of pipeline capacity.[11] PetroChina agreed to buy about 200,000 barrels per day transported through the pipeline. In 2007, however, PetroChina withdrew from the projects because of delays in starting the project.[12]

On December 4, 2009, Canada's National Energy Board (NEB) and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) issued the Joint Review Panel Agreement and the terms of reference for the environmental and regulatory review of the Northern Gateway Pipelines.[13]

Enbridge Northern Gateway submitted its project application to the National Energy Board on May 27, 2010. The eight-volume regulatory application will be assessed by a Joint Review Panel (JRP) established by the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) and the National Energy Board (NEB).[14] On January 19, 2011, the JRP requested that Enbridge provide additional information on the design and risk assessment of the pipelines due to the difficult access and unique geographic location of the proposed project.[15]

On June 17, 2014 the Canadian government accepted the project's proposal. It set out 209 conditions, identified in 2013 by a Joint Review Panel, to be resolved during the next phase of the regulatory process.[16]

On 6 May 2016, Enbridge filed a request with the National Energy Board to extend the sunset clause for the Northern Gateway Project. The sunset clause (NEB Condition #2) enforces the project construction must begin before December 31, 2016.[17]

Technical description

The planned project consists of two parallel pipelines between an inland terminal at Bruderheim, Alberta, and a marine terminal in Kitimat, British Columbia, each with a length of 1,177 km (731 mi). Crude oil produced from oil sands would be transported from Bruderheim to Kitimat, while natural gas condensate would move in the opposite direction.[13] Condensate would be used as a diluent in oil refining to decrease the viscosity of heavy crude oil from oil sands, and to make it easier to transport by pipelines.[18][19] About 520 km (320 mi) of pipeline would run in Alberta and 657 km (408 mi) in British Columbia.[13] The crude oil pipeline would have a diameter of 36 inches and a capacity of 525,000 barrels per day. The condensate pipeline would have a diameter of 20 inches with a capacity of 193,000 barrels per day. Enbridge expects these pipelines to be completed by 2015.[20] The project, including a marine terminal in Kitimat, is expected to cost C$7.9 billion.[21] The Kitimat terminal would comprise two tanker berth platforms, one serving Very Large Crude Carriers and another serving Suezmax-type condensate tankers. The terminal would include oil and condensate tanks and a pump station.[19]

Environmental assessment

As an inter-provincial pipeline, the project requires a public regulatory review process conducted by JRP. The JRP will provide a joint environmental assessment and regulatory process that will contribute to decision making.[13] The first session of JRP was held on January 10, 2012, in Kitamaat Village, British Columbia.[21]

Other types of studies, such as socioeconomic assessments, are also necessary prior to project approval. [22] At the provincial level, it may also be regulated by the British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office (BC EAO).

Competing projects

Kinder Morgan Energy Partners is operating the 1,150-km (710 mi) long Trans Mountain Pipeline System from Edmonton, Alberta to terminals and refineries in central British Columbia, the Vancouver area and the Puget Sound region in Washington.[23] The company would like to increase the pipeline's capacity by twelve times, up to 600,000 barrels per day.[24] According to Kinder Morgan, expanding the existing pipeline is cheaper than Northern Gateway and it avoids opposition as experienced by the Enbridge's project.[25]

Another competing project is TC Energy's Keystone XL pipeline.[26]

Opposition

BC NDP

BC NDP leader Adrian Dix promised to pull B.C. out of the federal review process if he was elected in the spring of 2013 (which he was not), while also hiring prominent constitutional lawyer Murray Rankin to consider a legal challenge on who has jurisdiction over pipelines. Rankin argues that British Columbia should withdraw from the federal government’s Pipelines review process and set up a made-in-B.C. environmental assessment.[27][28] In an August 2012 NDP press conference Rankin argued that "a made-in-B.C. review would ensure that B.C.’s economic, social and environmental interests are fully addressed, that B.C.'s powers and responsibilities are properly exercised and that First Nations’ interests are recognized within the new process."[29] In response Dix said "Within a week of taking office, we will serve the federal government with 30 days’ notice to terminate the 2010 deal in which the Liberals signed away B.C.’s interests."[29]

This policy has been blamed for the poor election result for the NDP in 2013. The NDP won nearly every coastal riding in the British Columbia general election, 2013 - so it could be argued that there is a division between those who live in the path of potential environmental harm, and those who live away from the area. The NDP had been seen as the heavy favorites, until shortly after they clarified their pipeline policy.[30]

First Nations/Aboriginal groups

The Aboriginal group's main concern is that the pipeline may spill and pollute the Fraser River. Many Aboriginal groups oppose the Northern Gateway pipeline proposal, though some others have signed agreements supporting it. Enbridge and some Aboriginal groups disagree on the extent of this support and opposition.[31] Several coalitions and alliances have produced formal declarations unequivocally rejecting the intrusion of an oil pipeline on aboriginal lands. These include Yinka Dene Alliance,[32][33] Heiltsuk Nation,[34][35] Coastal First Nations,[36][37][38] and Save the Fraser.[32] The Wet'suwet'en First Nation has adamantly opposed the pipeline, as well as many Dakelh First Nations including the Saik'uz First Nation.[39][40] West Coast Environmental Law has compiled a list of over 130 First Nations opposed to the Northern Gateway Pipeline.

The Joint Review Panel traveled to the Heiltsuk Nation in April 2012 for hearings into the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline proposal. By some counts, a third of Bella Bella's 1,095 residents were on the street that day, one of the largest demonstrations in the community's history.[35] Facing non-violent protest as part of the greeting at the airport - the JRP members suspended the hearings for a day and a half.[35] While the hearings did resume - substantial time had been lost, meaning fewer people could present to the JRP than had planned.[35]

"As the young people of the community explained when they finally got the chance, their health and identity were inextricably bound up in their ability to follow in the footsteps of their forebears - fishing and paddling in the same waters, collecting kelp in the same tidal zones in the outer coastal islands, hunting in the same forests, and collecting medicines in the same meadows. Which is why Northern Gateway was seen not simply as a threat to the local fishery but as the possible undoing of all this intergenerational healing work. And therefore as another wave of colonial violence.[41]" Note that Bella Bella's traditional land is far removed from the projects impact zone. Also note the prevailing Indigenous wisdom that 'everything is connected', as exemplified in the phrase 'all my relations', so the geographical location of traditional land is less of a concern than the implied colonial violence that Naomi Klein (and many other wisdom-keepers) denotes here.

Environmental advocates

The Dogwood Initiative, ForestEthics, the International League of Conservation Photographers, and Greenpeace Canada are some organizations actively campaigning against the Enbridge pipeline proposal.[42][43][44][45]

Issues

Impact on Aboriginal groups

The proposal has been opposed by Aboriginal groups. Groups like the Yinka Dene Alliance have been organized to campaign against the project. First Nations bands in British Columbia, including many along the proposed pipeline route, signed the Save The Fraser Declaration in opposition to the project.[5]

Save The Fraser Declaration was signed by numerous indigenous tribes, declaring opposition to oil pipelines through First Nation traditional territories. It was signed by more than 130 First Nations.[46]

Enbridge has offered a 10% equity stake in the $5.5 billion proposed project, over the next 30 years, to participating aboriginal groups. As well, Enbridge says it will put one per cent of Northern Gateway's pre-tax earnings into a trust, which is expected to generate $100 million over 30 years for non-Aboriginal as well as Aboriginal groups. The company says it expects roughly 15 per cent of the proposed project's construction labour force to be aboriginal.[47]

Refusing to name individual bands, Enbridge claims that 70% of the affected First Nations have signed onto the deal. However, it has been revealed that not a single band whose land is being directly traversed by the pipeline has signed on.[48]

Enbridge offerings are expected to create more division amongst first nations, as was the case with Enbridge's premature announcement in 2011 of support by the Gitxan hereditary chiefs, in exchange for $7 million. However, this deal was quickly overturned following the closure of the Gitxsan Treaty Society Office by opponents of the deal. The Enbridge deal was subsequently rejected in writing by 45 Gitxsan chiefs, who claimed that the office had misrepresented the Gitxsan people. Only one chief in BC has publicly supported the proposed pipeline, Chief Elmer Derrick. Derrick was the chief negotiator for the Gitxsan Treaty Society before its closure in 2011. Derrick has since been stripped of his post as chief negotiator for the GTS.[49][50][51][52][53]

Several First Nations (including the Haisla, Gitga'at, Haida, Gitxaala, Wet'suwet’en, Nadleh Whut'en, Nak'azdli, and Takla Lake) have publicly stated (via the Joint Review Panel or in the media) that neither the Crown nor the established assessment process for Enbridge's project have adequately met their duty to consult and accommodate, or respect their Aboriginal Rights and Title.[54]

Impact on economy

Wright Mansell Research Ltd, in their analysis of the project, concluded that the project "would be a catalyst for the generation of substantial and widely distributed economic stimulus for Canada and a significant contributor to sustaining Canadian growth and prosperity for many years into the future. While the benefits of greater flexibility, adaptability and opportunity for the Canadian petroleum sector, through market expansion and diversification, have not been quantified, they are also real and important. Further, the cost benefit analysis indicates that, taking into account all benefits and costs, including cost expectations from oil spills, there is a large and robust net social benefit associated with the project from a national Canadian perspective."[55]

A report put forth by economist and former Insurance Corporation of BC CEO, Robyn Allan, in early 2012, takes assumptions of Wright Mansell Research Ltd's analysis into question - stating that this proposed pipeline could actually hurt non-oil based sectors of the Canadian economy. Allan stated in the report that the project's success depends on continual yearly oil price increases, by about $3/barrel. She also stated that an increase in oil prices will lead to "a decrease in family purchasing power, higher prices for industries who use oil as an input into their production process, higher rates of unemployment in non-oil industry related sectors, a decline in real GDP, a decline in government revenues, an increase in inflation, an increase in interest rates and further appreciation of the Canadian dollar."[56][57]

Tanker moratorium in British Columbia

There has been an informal moratorium on large tanker traffic in Dixon Entrance, Hecate Strait, and the Queen Charlotte Sound since 1972.[58] Since then, the federal and provincial governments have commissioned periodic studies to reassess whether to lift the tanker moratorium. Each study has concluded that the risk of tanker spills is too high. In 2003–2004, the federal government initiated a three-part review process, including a scientific review by the Royal Society of Canada (the RSC report), a First Nations engagement process (the Brooks Report), and a public review process (the Priddle Panel). The RSC report concluded that "the present restriction on tanker traffic along the West Coast of British Columbia should be maintained for the time being[59]

In 2009, the Canadian government's position was that there is no moratorium on tanker traffic in the coast waters of British Columbia.[60] However, on December 7, 2010, Canada's environmental watchdog (Scott Vaughan, commissioner of the environment and sustainable development) in a damning report stated "Canada's government is not ready to handle a major oil spill from a tanker, in part because its emergency response plan is out of date".[61]

In December 2010, the federal House of Commons passed a non-binding motion to ban bulk oil tanker traffic in the Dixon Entrance, Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound.[62][63][64][65]

In November, 2015, Prime Minister Trudeau's mandate letter to the Minister of Transport directed that the moratorium be formalized.[66]

Enbridge's history of incidents

The proposed pipeline has been criticized by several entities, including government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the BC NDP and independent sources, citing Enbridge's spotty history with pipeline installation, non-conformance to government regulations [67] and numerous spills.

  • 2013 in June. The Canadian National Energy Board forces Enbridge to disclose safety measures in place at 125 of its pumping stations. The disclosure revealed that 117 of 125 pumping stations were in non-compliance to safety rules set out by the NEB. The NEB rules broken included lack of backup power at all but 8 stations and no emergency shutdown at 83 of its pump stations.[67]
  • 2012 In July, 190,000 liters of crude oil spilled in Wisconsin.[68] This follows a 230,000 litre leak near Red Deer, Alberta a month before.[69]
  • 2011 On the first day of the public hearings into the company’s planned Northern Gateway pipeline, U.S. pipeline regulators informed Enbridge of the leak from its Stingray pipeline. Enbridge claimed they can continue operations at the Stingray pipeline which carries up to 560-million cubic feet a day of natural gas from offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Bubbles from the pipeline leak were observed about 100 kilometres from the Louisiana coast.[70]
  • Kalamazoo spill of 2010, where over 19,000 barrels of oil were spilled into the Kalamazoo river, and a spill in the Chicago area in 2010.
  • 2008 Pipeline installation in Wisconsin, where over 500 regulatory violations were incurred in one year of construction. Enbridge has also had over 600 recorded leaks and breaks over the last 10 years.[71][72]

The Pembina Institute has published a report saying that the pipeline will have adverse impacts on land, air, and water.[73] Some of Enbridge's shareholders have asked the company to investigate the unique risks and liabilities associated with the project.[74][75]

  • 1991 A Lakehead (now Enbridge) crude oil pipeline near Grand Rapids, Minnesota ruptured on March 2. More than 40,000 barrels of crude went into the Prairie River. About 4 million US gallons of oil had spilled from that pipeline from the early 1970s to 1991, per Minnesota records. A resident in the area noticed the smell of oil and alerted the local fire department. Approximately 300 people living in homes near the site were evacuated for safety, but were allowed to return to their homes later in the night.[76][77][78][79][80]
  • 1979 A 34 inch diameter Lakehead (now Enbridge) pipeline ruptured near Bemidji, Minnesota, leaking 10,700 barrels of crude oil on August 20. The pipeline company initially recovers 60 percent of the spilled oil. Later in 1988, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency required Lakehead to extract more oil using new technology; removal continued on, with studies still underway in the area.[81][82][83]

Public opinion

Multiple public opinion surveys, sponsored by Enbridge, Ethical Oil and other oil interests, have been conducted on the Northern Gateway pipeline. An Abacus Data survey released in January for Sun Media found that 38% of Canadians were in support of building the pipeline, while 29% were opposed. Another 33% said they neither support nor oppose the pipeline.[84]

Another survey conducted by Forum Research in mid-January found that the share of Canadians who opposed the pipeline had fallen to 43%, from 51% in a December survey. Support for the project remained stable (at 37%, up within margin of error from 35%). 20% were undecided (up from 15% in December).[85]

In British Columbia, a March 2012 survey by Mustel Group reported increased opposition to the Enbridge proposal. In their B.C.-wide telephone survey sponsored by Kennedy Stewart (New Democrat MP), opposition had grown to 42%, from 32% in an Ipsos-Reid online survey sponsored by Enbridge in December 2011.[86][87] However, because their methodologies and context differed, the reported growth in opposition is difficult to substantiate. Ipsos-Reid conducted an online custom survey for Enbridge. Mustel Group included a single question on a shared-cost omnibus telephone survey, the same survey used in their political polling.[88]

Justason Market Intelligence released a poll in March 2012 that focused on the role of tankers in this pipeline proposal. The poll found 66% of B.C. residents opposed to Enbridge's proposal to transport oil through British Columbia's inside coastal waters, including 50% who registered strong disapproval.[89]

An April survey by Forum Research claimed an increase in opposition among B.C. residents to 52% from 46% reported by Forum Research in January.[90] In January, Forum polled 1,211 residents from across Canada; B.C. was a smaller subsample of that national poll.[91] In April, Forum polled 1,069 British Columbians.[92] The B.C. sample size for the January poll is not provided.

Political issues

The issue of the pipeline has been a subject of controversy between the governments of Alberta and British Columbia since 2011, when the Alberta government under Premier Alison Redford began pressuring BC to support the pipeline. In a March 8 speech to a "conservative family reunion" hosted by Preston Manning in Ottawa, BC Premier Christy Clark stated that "we support pipelines in British Columbia" (referring to liquid natural gas) but that she was not yet convinced of the benefits of the Northern Gateway scheme.[93]

Following the Kalamazoo River oil spill on Enbridge Pipeline 6B in Michigan, the BC government stated five requirements to be addressed prior to supporting any heavy oil pipeline proposal:[94]

  • Successful completion of the environmental review process. In the case of Enbridge, that would mean a recommendation by the National Energy Board Joint Review Panel that the project proceed;
  • World-leading marine oil spill response, prevention and recovery systems for B.C.’s coastline and ocean to manage and mitigate the risks and costs of heavy oil pipelines and shipments;
  • World-leading practices for land oil spill prevention, response and recovery systems to manage and mitigate the risks and costs of heavy oil pipelines;
  • Legal requirements regarding Aboriginal and treaty rights are addressed, and First Nations are provided with the opportunities, information and resources necessary to participate in and benefit from a heavy-oil project; and,
  • British Columbia receives a fair share of the fiscal and economic benefits of a proposed heavy oil project that reflects the level, degree and nature of the risk borne by the province, the environment and taxpayers.

BC premier Christy Clark recently boycotted a national energy strategy among the Canadian premiers [95] stating "until we see some progress in the discussions between British Columbia, Alberta and the federal government with respect to the Gateway pipeline through British Columbia, we will not be participating in the discussion of a national energy strategy." This is likely over concerns that BC will receive a $6.1 billion share of a project that is expected to earn $81 billion in government revenues over 30 years, while footing a majority of the risk.[96]

Clark was quoted in July 2012 as saying no to the proposed pipeline, unless Alberta entered negotiations with BC on revenue sharing. “If Alberta is not willing to even sit down and talk, then it stops here,” she said. This is in response to the disproportionate risk that BC would have to take on with this pipeline.[97]

Articles and resources

References

  1. ↑ "Piping Up Against Enbridge: Nature Canada Signs Letter of Protest". Nature Canada. 30 March 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Is Northern Gateway quietly being shelved? Enbridge reports 2014 earnings with little mention of the pipeline, CBC, 20 Feb. 2015
  3. ↑ "Benefits for Canadians"
  4. ↑ Polczer, Shaun (2010-01-21). "Panel struck to review pipeline to West Coast. Enbridge plan to undergo scrutiny". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-02-14. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "B.C. natives protest Enbridge pipeline". The Canadian Press. 2010-12-02. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-08. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Martin, Tim (2010-07-28). "Three million litres of oil spill from Enbridge pipeline into Michigan river". Associated Press. Toronto. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  7. ↑ Hunter, Justine; Tait, Carrie (5 December 2015). "Why the Northern Gateway Pipeline is Probably Dead". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  8. ↑ Kyle Bakx, Enbridge has no plans to resurrect Northern Gateway project, says CEO, CBC, May 9, 2019
  9. ↑ National Energy and Petrochemical Map , FracTracker, February 28, 2020
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Natural Resources Canada. "Northern Gateway Pipelines Project". natural-resources.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  11. ↑ Jeffrey Jones (2008-02-21). "Enbridge rekindles oil sands pipeline plan". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  12. ↑ "PetroChina Withdraws from Canadian Pipeline Project". Agence France-Presse, AFX News Limited. Downstream Today. 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Northern Gateway Pipeline Project Joint Review Panel Agreement Issued". Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Canada News Centre. 2009-12-04. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-02-14. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ "Enbridge files pipeline project for review". Kitimat Sentinel. 2010-05-28. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-05-28. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ O'Meara, Dina (2011-01-19). "Review Panel Demands More Details From Enbridge". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  16. ↑ "Government of Canada Accepts Recommendation to Impose 209 Conditions on Northern Gateway Proposal". Office of the Minister of Natural Resources. 2014-06-17. Archived from the original on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2015-11-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ "National Energy Board seeks public input on extension to Enbridge Northern Gateway sunset clauses". National Energy Board. 2016-05-25. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-06-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Dina O'Meara (2010-01-06). "Tens of billions to flow to pipelines in coming decades". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2010-02-14. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Gateway Pipeline Project". Downstream Today. 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  20. ↑ "Enbridge unfazed by oil sands chill". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lewis, Matthew (September 4, 2012). "Enbridge says Northern Gateway line unlikely to start in 2018". Reuters. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  22. ↑ Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, R.S.C. 1999, c. 33, s. 37
  23. ↑ Clark, Aaron (2011-12-20). "Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline oversubscribed by 63%". The Vancouver Sun. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  24. ↑ Youds, Mike (2012-01-18). "Trans Mountain twinning decision pending; pipeline goes through Kamloops". Kamloops Daily News. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  25. ↑ Anderson, Mitchell (2011-06-02). "Kinder Morgan's Grand Plan to Pipe Oil Sands Crude". The Tyee. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  26. ↑ Olson, Bradley (2012-01-19). "TransCanada May Be 'Dead Money' After U.S. Spurns Keystone XL". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  27. ↑ Murray Rankin, "B.C. pipeline review needed to restore legal powers", Times Colonist, August 31, 2012
  28. ↑ Sunny Dhillon, "B.C. NDP Leader vows to back out of Ottawa’s Enbridge review", Globe and Mail, August 22, 2012
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Louise Dickson, "NDP would set up B.C.'s own pipeline review, Adrian Dix announces", Times Colonist, August 22, 2012
  30. ↑ Hunter, Justine. "B.C. NDP sticks with pipeline policy that may have cost election". Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  31. ↑ "B.C. First Nations dispute Enbridge pipeline claims". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 inc., Canoe. "Pipeline will not cross Dene Nations land, elders vow". Retrieved 1 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  33. ↑ "Yinka Dene Alliance". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  34. ↑ http://www.coastalfirstnations.ca/news-release/june-17-2014-308pm Nation responds to Federal Government decision on Enbridge’s Northern Gateway Pipeline Project
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Klein, Naomi. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate. Alfred A. Knopf Canada. 2014. p.p. 337-342.
  36. ↑ MarketWire: Coastal First Nations Reaffirm Opposition to Enbridge Pipeline and Continued Ban on Oil Tankers on the Coast
  37. ↑ Dogwood: Coastal First Nations declare Ban on Tankers
  38. ↑ CBC video: Pipeline Opposition
  39. ↑ "Native group calls for pipeline boycott". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  40. ↑ Mclean, Tanara. (2012-01-28). Pipeline will not cross Dene Nations land, elders vow, Canoe.ca, (Retrieved 2012-09-17) [1]
  41. ↑ Klein, Naomi. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate. Alfred A. Knopf Canada. 2014. p.p. 341.
  42. ↑ UBCM: Ask your local reps to Support Resolution A8: Petition
  43. ↑ "No Tankers - Dogwood". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  44. ↑ We're winning against Enbridge - But it ain't over
  45. ↑ Greenpeace: Stop the Enbridge pipeline! Email Campaign
  46. ↑ "THE FACTS - ENBRIDGE NORTHERN GATEWAY". forestethics. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ http://www.northerngateway.ca/aboriginal-engagement/benefits-for-aboriginals/
  48. ↑ "Some first nations want equity in Northern Gateway, but opposition remains". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 2012-06-05.
  49. ↑ Uproar in Gitxsan First Nation after support for Enbridge's Northern Gateway pipeline announced by Mike Hager, Peter O’Neil and Gordon Hoekstra, Vancouver Sun, December 5, 2011.
  50. ↑ Enbridge pipeline deal with Gitxsan Treaty Society beginning to unravel by Scott Haggett And Jeffrey Jones, With A File From Vivian Luk; Reuters (reprinted in The Province), December 7, 2011.
  51. ↑ Gitxsan shut down treaty office, CBC Radio, Wednesday, December 7, 2011.
  52. ↑ Gitxsan Treaty Society doesn't have authority to sign deals with Enbridge by Neil J. Sterritt, Vancouver Sun, January 6, 2012.
  53. ↑ "Search". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 2012-01-18.
  54. ↑ "Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines: Community Opposition and Investment Risk. Executive Summary" (PDF). ForestEthics. October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2011-11-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ Public Interest Benefit Evaluation of the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline Project: Update and Reply Evidence
  56. ↑ "Economist Calls Gateway Pipeline an Inflationary 'Threat'". 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  57. ↑ "Northern Gateway would hurt economy, study says". CBC News. 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  58. ↑ Lindell, Rebecca (2010-08-28). "Tanker Traffic in a Spill Sensitive World". Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  59. ↑ "Report of the Expert Panel on Science Issues Related to Oil and Gas Activities, Offshore British Columbia" (PDF). The Royal Society of Canada, xix. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  60. ↑ "Northern Gateway Pipeline Project Joint Review Panel Agreement and Terms of Reference". Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  61. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Canada couldn't handle big oil spill: watchdog". Retrieved 1 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  62. ↑ "B.C. oil tanker ban motion passes in Commons". CBC News. 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2015-11-13. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  63. ↑ "Victory for BC: NDP tanker ban motion passes the house". New Democratic Party. 2010-12-07. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2015-11-15. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  64. ↑ "EDITED HANSARD • NUMBER 109". Parliament of Canada. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  65. ↑ "EDITED HANSARD • NUMBER 112". Parliament of Canada. 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  66. ↑ "Crude oil tanker ban for B.C.'s North Coast ordered by Trudeau". CBC News. 2015-11-13. Retrieved 2015-11-13. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Enbridge breaks safety rules at pipeline pump stations across Canada". CBC News.
  68. ↑ Enbridge oil spill in Wisconsin raises new concerns about proposed pipeline, Vancouver Sun, 30 Jul. 2012
  69. ↑ "Enbridge pipeline reopens after spill near Edmonton". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  70. ↑ Garth Woodworth (January 10, 2012). "Enbridge reports leak from U.S. pipeline as Northern Gateway hearings begin". Kitamaat Village, BC: Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  71. ↑ Adrangi, Maryam (2008-10-24). "Enbridge's Dirty Oil Habit Put on Display for Investors". Toronto Media Co-op. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  72. ↑ Ebner, David; Iltan, Cigdem (2012-08-23). "Spill halted, Enbridge's reputation sullied". Globe and Mail. Vancouver and Battle Creek, Michigan. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
  73. ↑ Polczer, Shaun (2010-01-19). "Pembina report faults pipeline to West Coast". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  74. ↑ "Enbridge Shareholders Meeting. Final Transcript". Enbridge. 2011-05-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  75. ↑ "Enbridge Shareholders Worried About Oil Spills". Dogwood Initiative. 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  76. ↑ State records show many Minnesota pipeline ruptures | Duluth News Tribune | Duluth, Minnesota
  77. ↑ http://pstrust.org/library/docs/ops_doc2.pdf
  78. ↑ "IncidentNews: Lakehead Pipeline Company". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  79. ↑ "Spokane Chronicle - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  80. ↑ "The Telegraph-Herald - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  81. ↑ "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  82. ↑ "USGS Minnesota Water Science Center". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  83. ↑ http://mn.water.usgs.gov/projects/bemidji/results/fact-sheet.pdf
  84. ↑ "Public Opinion on Northern Gateway". 2012-01-25. Archived from the original on 2012-01-27. Retrieved 2012-01-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  85. ↑ Argitis, Theophilos (2012-01-25). "Harper Builds Oil Link With China After Obama Keystone 'Slap'". Archived from the original on 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2012-01-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  86. ↑ O'Neil, Peter (March 28, 2012). "Opposition to oil sands pipeline growing in B.C., poll finds". Calgary Herald. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  87. ↑ O'Neil, Peter (5 January 2012). "B.C. residents support Northern Gateway pipeline: poll". National Post / Financial Post. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  88. ↑ Bailey, Ian (27 March 2012). "Poll gives NDP 8 point lead over B.C. Liberals". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  89. ↑ Hume, Peter (6 April 2012). "Hume: Pipeline opposition likely to grow as supertanker risk assessed". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  90. ↑ Hoekstra, Gordon. "More than half of B.C. residents oppose Northern Gateway pipeline, poll suggests". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  91. ↑ "Harper Builds Oil Link With China After Obama Keystone 'Slap'". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  92. ↑ "Opposition to Northern Gateway pipeline, coastal oil tanker traffic up sharply" (PDF). Forum Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  93. ↑ O'Neil, ,Peter. "B.C. Premier Christy Clark courts the conservatives". Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  94. ↑ "Environment Minister sets out government's position on heavy oil pipelines". 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2012-08-26.>http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2009-2013/2012ENV0049-001120.htm
  95. ↑ "B.C. premier boycotts national energy strategy". CBC News. 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  96. ↑ "Premier stays mum on how much B.C.'s pipeline approval will cost". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 2012-08-03.
  97. ↑ "B.C. vows to block pipeline unless Alberta ponies up". Retrieved 1 October 2016.

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