Payra power station (BCPCL)

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Payra power station (BCPCL) is an operating power station of at least 1320-megawatts (MW) in Paira Bandar, Kalapara, Patuakhali, Barisal, Bangladesh with multiple units, some of which are not currently operating. It is also known as Patuakhali power station (BCPCL), Kalapara power station.

Location

Table 1: Project-level location details

Plant name Location Coordinates (WGS 84)
Payra power station (BCPCL) Paira Bandar, Kalapara, Patuakhali, Barisal, Bangladesh 21.9999671, 90.3056554 (approximate)

The map below shows the approximate location of the power station.

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Project Details

Table 2: Unit-level details

Unit name Status Fuel(s) Capacity (MW) Technology Start year
Phase I Unit 1 operating coal: unknown 660 ultra-supercritical 2020
Phase I Unit 2 operating coal: unknown 660 ultra-supercritical 2020
Phase II Unit 1 construction[1] coal: subbituminous[1] 660[1] ultra-supercritical 2025 (planned)[1]
Phase II Unit 2 construction[1] coal: subbituminous[1] 660[1] ultra-supercritical 2026 (planned)[1]

Table 3: Unit-level ownership and operator details

Unit name Owner Parent
Phase I Unit 1 Bangladesh-China Power Co Ltd [100%] China General Technology (Group) Holdings Co Ltd [50.0%]; North-West Power Generation Co Ltd [50.0%]
Phase I Unit 2 Bangladesh-China Power Co Ltd [100%] China General Technology (Group) Holdings Co Ltd [50.0%]; North-West Power Generation Co Ltd [50.0%]
Phase II Unit 1 Bangladesh-China Power Co Ltd [100%] China General Technology (Group) Holdings Co Ltd [50.0%]; North-West Power Generation Co Ltd [50.0%]
Phase II Unit 2 Bangladesh-China Power Co Ltd [100%] China General Technology (Group) Holdings Co Ltd [50.0%]; North-West Power Generation Co Ltd [50.0%]

Project-level coal details

  • Coal source(s): imported

Background

In 2015, the North-West Power Generation website described the Kalapara project as being set up in two phases. The first phase was referred to as the "Payra 1320 (2x660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project." The second phase was referred to as the "Barguna / Patuakhali 1320 (2x660) MW Ultra Supercritical Coal Based Thermal Power Plant Project (2nd Phase)." Patuakhali and Barguna are adjacent districts and Payra (Paira) is located in close proximity.[2][3][4]

There are three different proposals for coal-fired power stations in Patuakhali (পটুয়াখালী), by three sets of sponsors, all joint ventures between Bangladeshi and Chinese firms:

Phase I

In March 2014, the state-owned North-West Power Generation Company (a subsidiary of Bangladesh Power Development Board) and CMC – China National Machinery Import & Export (Group) Corporation – signed a Memorandum of Understanding to build a 1,320 MW coal plant in Kalapara upazila of Patuakhali. The project was set to be located on the Rabnabad river bank near Paira Bandar. The estimated cost was $2 billion.[5]

In March 2016, an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contract for the power station was signed. A consortium of China Energy Engineering Group Northeast No.3 Electric Power Construction Co. Ltd. (NEPC) and China National Energy Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd. (CECC), both Chinese state-owned enterprises, were awarded the contract.[6] Total value for the EPC contract was about US$1.56 billion.[7]

According to the website of Bangladesh's North-West Power Generation Co Ltd., construction on the project was underway in December 2017.[8]

Construction Delays

Unit 1 was planned to come online in April 2019, and unit 2 in October 2019.[9][10]

In March 2018, it was reported that 35% of work on the plant had been completed.[11] In May 2018, NWPGCL reported the project was 42% complete.[12] In October 2018, it was reported the plant was on track for commissioning in 2019.[13] In November 2018, the project was reported as 55% complete.[14]

As of April 2019, construction was 70% complete, which was significantly behind the company's original schedule. Builders blamed the delay on a "lack of coordination among stakeholders," and especially on delays in building the transmission line, completion of which had at that point been pushed back to August 2020.[15]

In May 2019, Bangladesh-China Power Company Ltd. (BCPCL) announced that it would be signing a coal supply deal in June with Indonesian coal importer PT Bayan Resources. The company also announced that Unit 1 was scheduled to be completed in December 2019, and Unit 2 in June 2020.[16][17]

Planet satellite photos from January 2017 to November 2019 show construction progress.

According to BCPCL, unit 1 was completed in November 2019, but the transmission facilities were not ready yet. Due to this, the power station was now being planned for operation in 2020.[18] Test production at the plant began on January 13, 2020.[19]

In February 2020, the India-based Business Standard reported that commercial commissioning of the plant was experiencing delays due to the Coronavirus. According to the acting managing director of Bangladesh-China Power Company Limited: "We cannot do the post-test-run maintenance as some workers are stuck in China in the wake of the coronavirus epidemic."[20]

According to New Age of Bangladesh, the main issue facing the commissioning of the plant was the lack of adequate transmission: "In the test run, the first unit of the plant could never reach its full generation capacity because of low capacity transmission line," according to Payra project director Shah Abdul Moula.[21]

Units commissioned

In May 2020, Dhaka Tribune reported that Unit 1 started commercial operation.[22] The second unit reportedly started production on December 8, 2020.[23]

Early operation

As of January 2021, the plant was operating at low capacity due to low demand and transmission bottlenecks.[24]

The coal plant also faced difficulties importing coal, according to plant owner Bangladesh-China Power Company Limited (BCPCL): "Payra 1320 MW Thermal Power Plant is situated on the west bank of the Rabnabad Channel. The channel length from BCPCL Jetty to the Payra Fairway is appx. 41 nautical miles (76 km/47 miles). Due to high rate of siltation, the channel has blockages at several points which have to be dredged intermittently in order to maintain navigability."[25]

In March 2021, the plant was only generating 1,000 MW on an experimental basis, burning through some 13,000 tonnes of coal a day, generating 180 tonnes of fly and bottom ash as byproducts.[23]

In December 2021, it was reported that half of the capacity of the 1,320 MW power station could not be used as transmission lines could not be built. The unused capacity of the plant cost the nation Tk 2,000 crore a year.[26][27]

2022: Operation resumes

In March 2022, the idle unit (unit 2) resumed operation after a transmission line from Gopalganj–Khulna–Jashore was newly constructed, said Engr AM Khurshedul Alam, managing director of BCPCL. During the mothballed period, BPDB had to pay a penalty of Tk120 crore each month as capacity payment for keeping the unit idle. Electricity transmission from the plant could still not be channelled to Dhaka due to an incomplete transmission line.[28][29]

2023: Coal Issues and halt in operation

In January 2023 it was reported that Unit 2 was idle again as banks had declined to open a letter of credit (LC) to import coal due to the dollar crisis. The plant was at risk of shutting down both units starting from February if coal was not available.[30] The company needed to open 12-13 letters of credit (LCs) involving around $70-80 million each month to import coal, but they could not as they already had a large amount of unpaid coal import bills, according to another source.[31]

In early June 2023, BCPCL shut down both units at the power station as part of a dispute with the Power Development Board and Bangladesh Bank over the payment of US$300 million for coal imports. One unit had ceased electricity production on May 25, and the other unit stopped on June 5. China National Machinery Import & Export (Group) Corporation (CMC), which has a 50% stake in the plant, said it would not order more coal until the outstanding debt had been paid. New coal supplies would reportedly take at least three weeks to arrive.[32][33][34]

Later in June 2023, it was reported that BCPCL had obtained a new letter of credit and was expecting a shipment of 37,000 tonnes of coal to arrive by June 25. A BCPCL plant manager stated that normal operations could resume as soon as June 26. The power station's shutdown had contributed to massive load shedding in Barisal, Khulna, and part of the Dhaka division, as Payra supplied at least 9% of the country's electricity needs.[35][36] Only one third of the country's power plants were reportedly operating at full capacity as of June 2023.[37] On June 25, one unit of the power station restarted after the first coal shipment arrived early. At least 15 more shipments were expected to arrive at the power plant.[38] One unit of the power station resumed production in late June after 20 days offline.[39]

In October 2023, one of the power station's units was offline for three days to repair a boiler valve leak.[40]

Ownership

The project is owned by Bangladesh-China Power Company Limited (BCPCL), a 50:50 JV between China National Machinery Import and Export Corp and Bangladesh's North-West Power Generation Co Ltd, which was established on August 28, 2007 as a Public Limited Company under the Bangladesh Power Development Board.[9]

CMC, or China National Machinery Import & Export (Group) Corporation, was established in 1950, and in 1998 it became a subsidiary of China General Technology (Group) Holding Co. Ltd., a state-owned enterprise.[41] CMC established overseas subsidiaries in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Luxembourg.[42]

Financing Background

In June 2014 it was reported that Bangladesh's largest bilateral donor, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), would bankroll the plant by partially providing nearly US$3.7 billion worth of loans in several tranches.[3]

However, in October 2014, it was reported that BCPCL would provide 30% of the funds for the project, and mobilize the other 70% from international sources. The project had an estimated cost of US$2 billion.[43]

In April 2016, BCPCL said it would invest $1.56 billion into the plant. It would fund 80% of the investment with Chinese bank loans.[9]

In October 2016, the government approved a US$1.9 billion loan from the Export-Import Bank of China for the project, maintaining a debt to equity ratio of 70:30. The equity investment from BCPCL on this ratio was US$815 million.[44] The Loan agreement was entered into in May 2018.[45] The loan term is 15 years with a 4-year grace period.[45] BCPCL's 2020 annual report refers to payments on debt insurance provided by China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation (Sinosure), suggesting that Sinosure provided coverage for the CHEXIM loan.[46] As of 2022, USD 1.881bn has been withdrawn.[45]

In December 2022, internal documents revealed that the Bangladesh-China Power Company risked defaulting on its loan after missing a December 8th payment. The managing director of BCPCL stated that the missed payment was caused by the Standard Chartered Bank ending its role in the project, which forced the company to establish an account with Bangladesh’s state-owned Sonali Bank. Sonali Bank did not have the necessary reserves to pay the US$114 million due.[47]

In November 2023, it was reported that BCPCL has sought US$140 million from Bangladesh Bank to pay the sixth instalment to China Exim Bank due by December 8. There was default on two immediate past instalments.[48] In December 2023, China Exim Bank was reportedly considering the issuance of an "Event of Default" to BCPCL because of the payment delays.[49] Reporting from April 2024 indicated that once again there were problems servicing the seventh instalment by June 2024. It appeared that the Chinese partner helped make the previous two instalments.[50]

As of January 2024, power generation costs at Payra power station had reportedly tripled since operation began.[51]

Phase II

In August 2016, the Bangladesh-China Power Company Limited (BCPCL), a 50:50 JV between North-West Power Generation and China National Machinery Import and Export Corp, said a deal had been signed with an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor for a 1,320 MW coal plant (Phase II), to be built near Payra.[52] The EPC contractor was later named as a consortium of China Energy Engineering Group Northeast No.3 Electric Power Construction Co. Ltd. (NEPC) and China National Energy Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd. (CECC), both Chinese state-owned enterprises.[46] North-West Power Generation is held by the Bangladesh Power Development Board.[53]

Permitting & Financing

As of 2017, BCPCL reported the co-feasibility study for Patuakhali (Phase II) was underway and land acquisition complete. The project was being funded by the Export-Import Bank of China (CHEXIM).[54] It is likely that BCPCL would provide equity financing for the project alongside debt funding from CHEXIM, and that Sinosure would provide insurance, similar to the financing agreement for Phase I.

The EPC contract of US$ 1.44 billion was signed May 16, 2019 with a consortium of CECC & NEPC, China. The total project cost was estimated at US$ 2.06 billion.[55]

The draft Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was submitted in January 2019.[56]

The EIA was approved on October 9, 2019.[57]

In December 2022, BCPCL risked defaulting on its loan following a missed payment. Should the loan default, the company would be ineligible to obtain a loan for Phase II.[47] In November 2023 it was reported that BCPCL has sought US$140 million from Bangladesh Bank to pay the sixth instalment under the Phase 1 loan. There was default on two immediate past instalments.[48]

BCPC's 2022 Annual report stated that "the project financing for Phase 2 has been slightly delayed due to recent global concerns over coal based power plant, but now the financing of the project is at a promising stage".[58] Draft 2023 Annual report stated that "the company had taken the share money deposit as funds required for the Phase 2 project, to be converted to share capital as soon as loan financing is received for Phase 2 Project".[59]

Construction

On February 6, 2020, the EPC contractor for the plant announced Force Majeure, citing Covid-19 as the reason. According to the project website, work is on halt and will resume "once the coronavirus situation is under control".[60]

The Power Purchase Agreement and Implementation Agreement was signed on January 7, 2021.[61] In January 2021, it was also reported that "construction works" near Phase I of the plant in operation were underway.[62]

As of October 2021, the "physical progress" for Phase II was reported as 20% complete. The "current status" on the company's website included the following:[63]

  • "Detail Design activities are ongoing."
  • "Procurement of Major Plant Equipment and Auxiliaries is in progress."
  • "Preparations are underway for piling work for the jetty extension."
  • "Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and Implementation Agreement (IA) have been signed on 01/08/2021."


The status of concrete-pouring or foundation work was uncertain. It is unclear where the expansion is occurring: most of the changes visible at the site in Planet satellite imagery during 2021 appear related to coal ash waste ponds.

The update on activities through December 2021 listed the plant as 21% complete, including the following activities:[64]

  • "Land development work has been completed."
  • "Test piling done."
  • "Construction of Water Intake Forbei has been completed."
  • "Construction of water treatment plan has been completed."
  • "Construction of a coal dome for Phase-II has already been completed."
  • "Orders have been issued to purchase major equipment including boilers, steam turbines and generators."
  • "Detailed design preparations are underway."
  • "Pile drive has started for jetty extension."
  • "Work is underway to extend GIS."
  • "The piling work of Boiler-3 has started."


Planet satellite imagery shows the site as of January 2022.

The update on activities through June 2022 listed the plant as 22% complete, with many of the activities above still ongoing and the following additional updates:[65]

  • "Purchasing of PHC Pile is in the final stages."
  • "The piling work of the jetty has been completed."
  • "Jetty expansion work is underway."
  • "Land development work for GIS has been completed."


Planet satellite imagery shows the site as of May 2022.

The status of construction still listed the progress at 22% as of December 2022[65]. Based on limited progress over the last year, construction had apparently stalled. Completion dates had also been revised from 2024 for both units[66] to November, 2025 for Unit 1 and April 2026 for Unit 2 (as of December 2022).[65] Physical project progress and expected completion dates remained unchanged as of October 2023, but the "Overall progress of the project" had been updated:[67]

  • "Purchase orders for Main Equipment including Boilers, Steam Turbines and Generators have been issued."
  • "Piling work of Main Power Building is 60% complete and Piling work of Turbine Hall is 80% complete."


As of May 2024, progress on Phase II was still listed at 22%.[68] BCPCL's 2023 Annual Report reaffirmed the target commercial operation dates of October 2025 and April 2026 for Phase II Unit 1 and Phase II Unit 2 respectively.[69]

Opposition

In November 2019, in a report titled "Choked by Coal: The Carbon Catastrophe in Bangladesh," Market Forces and various other organizations highlighted the corruption, malpractice, and violations of human rights that have occurred in relation to land acquisition and relocation processes for many projects in Bangladesh.[70]

A May 2020, analysis by the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) found that seven coal-fired power plants proposed in the area would constitute one of the largest air pollutant, mercury, and CO2 emissions hotspots in South Asia and the world.[71]

Contact details

Website: http://www.bpdb.gov.bd/

Articles and Resources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20240421133126/https://www.bcpcl.org.bd/files/pdf/200-1648059015123932.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ "Future Plan," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, accessed September 2015
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 FHM Humayan Kabir, "1320mw coal-fired power plant to be set up in Patuakhali," Financial Express, June 29, 2014
  4. ↑ "Faster Rampal plant execution demanded," bdnews24.com, October 13, 2013
  5. ↑ "1,320MW coal-based power plant to be set up in Patuakhali," DhakaTribune, March 20, 2014
  6. ↑ "Annual Report 2018," Bangladesh-China Power Company (Pvt.) Limited, 2018, p. 9
  7. ↑ "Rampal, Payra coal-fired power plants: $3.5b credit deals finalised," New Age, September 22, 2016
  8. ↑ "Ongoing Projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, accessed December 2017
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Bangladesh-China JV to construct $1.56 bln power plant in southern Bangladesh," reuters, March 30, 2016
  10. ↑ Aminur Rahman Rasel, "Payra coal power plant to be commissioned in 2019," Dhaka Tribune, October 12, 2015
  11. ↑ "No progress in 19 power plants yet," The Bangladesh Post, March 9, 2018
  12. ↑ "Ongoing projects," NWPGCL, accessed June 2018
  13. ↑ "Payra power plant to begin generation in 2019," New Age, September 28, 2018
  14. ↑ "Ongoing projects," NWPGCL, updated November 2018
  15. ↑ "Payra 1,320-MW power plant project hits snag," Financial Express, April 4, 2019
  16. ↑ "Bangladesh set to ink deal with Indonesian co next month," Global Times, May 24, 2019
  17. ↑ "Payra power plant goes to operation in Nov," Bangladesh Post, May 10, 2019
  18. ↑ "Payra power plant may take more time to go into operation," Business Standard, November 3, 2019
  19. ↑ "Payra coal power plant takes off," The Daily Star, January 14, 2020
  20. ↑ "Coronavirus stalls Payra plant commissioning," Business Standard, February 5, 2020
  21. ↑ "Payra power plant set to become economic burden on Bangladesh," New Age, March 14, 2020
  22. ↑ "Payra power plant unit 1 starts commercial operation," Dhaka Tribune, May 15, 2020
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "1,320 MW Payra plant awaits inauguration," The Daily Star, March 28, 2021
  24. ↑ "Payra power plant: Govt risks making additional payment," The Financial Express, January 6, 2021
  25. ↑ Annual Report 2020, Bangladesh-China Power Company Limited (BCPCL), p. 62
  26. ↑ "Power overcapacity in Bangladesh grows, economic burden too," New Age, December 3, 2021
  27. ↑ "Payments to owners of power plants sans use of electricity surge to Tk 250b," The Financial Express, November 14, 2021
  28. ↑ "Second unit of Payra 1,320MW power plant resumes production," The Business Standard, April 26, 2022
  29. ↑ "Prime Minister inaugurates Payra power plant," March 21, 2022
  30. ↑ "Operations at 1,320MW Payra power plant likely to face closure due to coal shortage". https://www.dhakatribune.com/. January 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ "Coal power plants' operation under threat over dollar crisis". https://www.tbsnews.net/. January 18, 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ "Starved of coal: Payra power plant may shut for weeks," The Daily Star, May 28, 2023
  33. ↑ "Second unit of Payra power plant to stop production after 2 June due to coal shortage," The Business Standard, May 28, 2023
  34. ↑ "Payra power plant closed, coal will take 20-22 days to arrive," Dhaka Tribune, June 5, 2023
  35. ↑ "Coal coming to feed hungry power plants," The Business Standard, June 10, 2023
  36. ↑ "Bangladesh power crisis: Coal is starting to arrive, but when can closed power plants be restarted?" Bangladesh Posts English, June 11, 2023
  37. ↑ "Power Outage: Only one-third plants operating at full capacity," The Daily Star, June 7, 2023
  38. ↑ "2nd coal-laden ship arrives for Payra power plant," NewAge Bangladesh, July 3, 2023
  39. ↑ "After 20 days of suspension, Payra power plant resumes partial production," bdnews24, June 25, 2023
  40. ↑ "Coal shortage shuts 2 units of Payra, Adani powers plants," NewAge Bangladesh, October 8, 2023
  41. ↑ "Company Overview," China National Machinery Imp. & Exp. Corp. website, accessed May 2014
  42. ↑ "CMC Machipex Sd. Bhd.," China National Machinery Imp. & Exp. Corp. website, accessed May 2014
  43. ↑ "Joint venture to start working for 1,320MW plant ," DhakaTribune, October 13, 2014
  44. ↑ "Govt approves $3.5 billion loan for Rampal, Payra power plants," Reporters bd, October 4, 2016, archived December 27, 2020
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 "BANGLADESH-CHINA POWER COMPANY (PVT.) LIMITED Annual Report (2022), page 178" (PDF). www.bcpcl.org.bd. 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Annual Report 2020, Bangladesh-China Power Company Limited (BCPCL), p. 62
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Payra Power Plant's coal import bills, loan payment stuck over dollar crisis," The Business Standard, December 10, 2022
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Debt buildup haunts Payra power hub". thefinancialexpress.com.bd/. November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ↑ "BD-China Power Company risks getting defaulter tag," The Financial Express, December 6, 2023
  50. ↑ "BCPCL seeks $140m to avoid Chinese loan default". businesspostbd.com. April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  51. ↑ "Production costs in Payra increased 3-time in 3-yr," Daily Industry, January 14, 2024
  52. ↑ Aminur Rahman Rasel, "BCPCL plans another 1,320MW plant," Dhaka Tribune, August 18, 2016
  53. ↑ "PDB to become holding company, employees against the move," Dhaka Tribune, January 1, 2018
  54. ↑ "Future Projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, accessed December 2017
  55. ↑ "Salient Features of Payra 1320MW Thermal Power Plant Project (2nd Phase)," BCPCL, accessed December 2021
  56. ↑ "Ongoing Projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, accessed June 2019
  57. ↑ "Approval of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for Proposed Payra 1320 MW Ultra Super Critical Coal Based Thermal Power Plant (2d Phase)," Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Department of Environment, October 9, 2019
  58. ↑ "BCPC 2022 Annual Report" (PDF). www.bcpcl.org.bd. 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  59. ↑ "2023 Draft Annual report". https://www.bcpcl.org.bd/. unknown. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  60. ↑ "Ongoing projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, accessed May 2021
  61. ↑ "Ongoing Projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, updated May 2021
  62. ↑ "Payra coal fired power plant sets country's benchmark," The Financial Express, January 23, 2021
  63. ↑ "Ongoing Projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, updated November 11, 2021
  64. ↑ "Ongoing Projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, updated January 16, 2022
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 "Ongoing Projects," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, updated June 9, 2022 and December 2022
  66. ↑ "Update on the Coal Power Plants in Bangladesh: Feb 2022," BWGED, February 2022
  67. ↑ "Payra 1320 MW Thermal Power Plant Project (2nd Phase) (Jointly Owned)," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, updated October 11, 2023
  68. ↑ "Payra 1320 MW Thermal Power Plant Project (2nd Phase) (Under JVC)," North-West Power Generation Company Limited, updated February 22, 2024
  69. ↑ "Annual Report 2023," Bangladesh-China Power Company Limited, December 12, 2023
  70. ↑ "Choked by Coal: The Carbon Catastrophe in Bangladesh of their homes and farmlands," Market Forces, November 2019
  71. ↑ "Air quality, health and toxics impacts of the proposed coal power cluster in Payra, Bangladesh," Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air, May 2020

Additional data

To access additional data, including an interactive map of coal-fired power stations, a downloadable dataset, and summary data, please visit the Global Coal Plant Tracker on the Global Energy Monitor website.

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