Tuzla Thermal Power Plant

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Tuzla Thermal Power Plant is an operating power station of at least 740-megawatts (MW) in Bukinje, Tuzla, FBIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina with multiple units, some of which are not currently operating. It is also known as Tuzla 7 (Unit 7), Tuzla 8 (Unit 8).

Location

Table 1: Project-level location details

Plant name Location Coordinates (WGS 84)
Tuzla Thermal Power Plant Bukinje, Tuzla, Tuzla, FBIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina 44.52104, 18.606443 (exact)[1]

The map below shows the exact location of the power station.

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Unit-level coordinates (WGS 84):

  • Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5, Unit 6: 44.52104, 18.606443
  • Unit 7, Unit 8: 44.52, 18.606111

Project Details

Table 2: Unit-level details

Unit name Status Fuel(s) Capacity (MW) Technology Start year Retired year
3, timepoint 2 Announced[2] bioenergy: wood & other biomass (solids), bioenergy: refuse (municipal and industrial wastes)[2] 50[3] – 2024 (planned)[2] –
Unit 3, timepoint 1 Operating coal: lignite 100 subcritical 1966 2024 (planned)[4]
Unit 4 Operating coal: lignite 210 subcritical 1971 2028 (planned)[5]
Unit 5 Operating coal: lignite 200 subcritical 1974 –
Unit 6 Operating coal: lignite 230 subcritical 1978 –
Unit 7 Cancelled[6] coal: lignite 450 supercritical 2019 (planned) –
Unit 8 Cancelled coal: lignite 450 unknown 2027 –

Table 3: Unit-level ownership and operator details

Unit name Owner Parent
3, timepoint 2 Elektroprivreda BiH dd [100%][2][7] Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [90.4%]; other [9.6%]
Unit 3, timepoint 1 Elektroprivreda BiH dd [100%][2][7] Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [90.4%]; other [9.6%]
Unit 4 Elektroprivreda BiH dd [100%][2][7] Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [90.4%]; other [9.6%]
Unit 5 Elektroprivreda BiH dd [100%][2][7] Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [90.4%]; other [9.6%]
Unit 6 Elektroprivreda BiH dd [100%][2][7] Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [90.4%]; other [9.6%]
Unit 7 Elektroprivreda BiH dd [100%][2][7] Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [90.4%]; other [9.6%]
Unit 8 Elektroprivreda BiH dd [100%][2][7] Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [90.4%]; other [9.6%]

Unit-level fuel conversion details:

Unit 3: Announced conversion from coal to bioenergy in 2024.

Project-level coal details

  • Coal source(s): Kreka and Banovići mines, Đurđevik and Banovići coal mines

Background

The plant is owned and operated by Elektroprivreda BiH, a publicly owned power utility. Construction of the plant commenced in 1959. Commissioning of two 32 MW generating units took place in 1963 and 1964. Both of these units (units 1 & 2) have since been decommissioned. In 1966 the 100 MW Unit 3 was commissioned. This unit was rebuilt and modernised in the late 1990s after the Bosnian War. Two 200 MW units (units 4 & 5) were commissioned in 1971 and 1974 respectively. The 215 MW Unit 6 was commissioned in 1978.[8][9] The capacity of Unit 6 was later increased to 230MW.[9]

Coal is supplied from the Kreka – Banovići coal basin (Kreka coal mine, Banovici coal mine), which has reserves of lignite and subbituminous coal.[9]

The plant produced 2,863 GWh in 2021 asnd 2621 GWh in 2022.[10]

Existing Units 3-6

Unit 4 Unlawful Operation

In March 2022, a proposal was made to extend the operation of Unit 4 until 2028. The Energy Community Secretariat said this was "a clear breach of the obligations of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Energy Community Treaty".[11] In October 2022, Energy Community initiated action against Bosnia and Herzegovina over the decision. They claimed that the country had breached pollution limits and failed to install necessary upgrades as mandated by the Large Combustion Plants Directive. BiH had two months to respond to the decision.[12] As of May 2023, there was no news on the outcome of this action. A media source from July 2023 stated that the draft NECP 2023 (see below) did not hide the fact that Tuzla 4 will continue to operate after the end of its permitted lifetime.[13] EPBIH's business plan for 2023-2025 released in October 2023 also stated that Unit 4 will remain in operation.[14] The updated business plan for 2024-2026 released in March 2024 suggested the same, relying on the waiver of the limit of operating hours.[15]

Unit 6 Reconstruction

In February 2023, it was announced that a reconstruction of Unit 6 will start in March to prevent its shutdown. It will be carried out by Dongfang Electric Internacional Corporacion and Dongfang Boiler CO, together with the BiH company ITC doo Zenica, which is the lead of the consortium. Elektroprivreda BiH finances the works. The scope includes the reconstruction of the boiler as one of the sub-projects. The project was expected to be completed within 150 days.[16] The updated business plan of EPBIH for 2024-2026 released in March 2024 stated that after reconstruction, the unit will become a heating block and will deliver heat energy.[15]

Unit 3 Proposed Conversion to Biomass

Unit 3, the plant's oldest unit, was slated for retirement by the end of 2023.[17] Elektroprivreda BiH was looking into a coal-to-biomass conversion for the unit. The converted unit would potentially run on willows that would be grown on nearby Kreka, Breza and Đurđevik mine land. However, according to Bankwatch, the planned capacity would require 5.6 times more field space than could be converted from the mine sites. The company was also considering waste-burning capacity.

As of September 2022, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) was conducting a feasibility study.[18] In November 2022, Bankwatch published a follow-up brief on the feasibility of a EUR 50 million loan to replace Unit 3 with a waste and biomass incineration system. They called on the EBRD to cancel the proposal and replace it with renewable energy alternatives.[19]

In June 2023, it was announced that the Norwegian company GEIA AS signed of a contract with Elektroprivreda BiH for a pilot project of testing Norwegian technology for the replacement of coal.[20] It was not clear whether this would apply to Unit 3 only or to other units as well.

As per December 2023 briefings from Bankwatch and Biofuelwatch, the proposal to burn willow biomass is shrouded in uncertainty. The proposed biomass capacity has been halved from 100 MW to 50 MW.[21] Biofuelwatch’s analysis highlights that willow plantations have not been successful in Europe despite decades of effort. The proposed 50 MW biomass unit in Tuzla would require an estimated 29,000 hectares of land, more than double the size of Sarajevo, based on the average yield of SRC willow on farmland stated by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Additionally, SRC willow’s high water requirements make it far from drought-resistant.[21][22]

As of January 2024 and based on EPBIH's updated business plan for 2023-2025 released in October 2023[14], it appeared that coal-fired Unit 3 will continue operations. It was not retired as previously planned by the end of 2023. A media source from January 2024 referred to the company's plan to retire Unit 3 by the end of 2024.[23]

Expansion

Elektroprivreda BiH proposed a seventh and eighth unit of 450 MW each. On its website, as of May 2014, Elektroprivreda BiH stated that the power station had received an environmental permit and construction was scheduled to begin in 2014 and end in 2018.[24]

Unit 7

In May 2011, EPBIH stated that China National Electric Engineering CO., Ltd (CNEEC) expressed interest in Unit 7, a 450 MW expansion. However, Reuters noted that the Swiss energy firm Alpiq had also bid to become a "strategic investor" in the plant.[25]

In April 2014, Hitachi decided to pull out of the process to build the $1.16 billion Tuzla unit, citing political unrest in Bosnia. A Chinese consortium, which includes China Gezhouba Group and Guandong Electric Power Design, was the sole bidder to build the 450 MW unit.[26]

According to a long-range plan released in May 2014 by Elecktroprivreda BiH, Unit 7 would begin construction in 2015 and go online in 2019.[27]

On August 30, 2014, China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) signed the EPC contract to build the 450MW unit 7. The company was applying for permits.[28] It was later found the plant would not be economically feasible, and in May 2016, an annex to the contract was signed, which brought the cost down to EUR 722 million. In November 2016, a framework agreement on financing the plant through the China Exim Bank was signed, but the actual financing contract was not signed.[29][30]

New permit issued (Unit 7)

After Tuzla 7’s initial environmental permit expired in November 2015, a new one was issued in July 2016. NGO Ekotim filed a court case challenging the permit in September 2016. In October 2016, Ekotim also submitted a complaint to the Energy Community since the environmental permit did not require the application of the Industrial Emissions Directive to the plant, as required of new plants.[29]

GE withdrawal

In June 2021, General Electric – which was to supply equipment for the new unit – withdrew from the project reportedly due to pressure from the European Union, which had taken a position not to support the construction of any coal-fired power plants. The contract signed between EPBiH and the Chinese consortium building the plant, led by Gezhouba, specified the list of approved subcontractors, including GE. In response, Gezhouba was requesting an amendment to the signed contract, but authorities say it was not possible because it was adopted by the Federal Government, requiring a renegotiation process and re-approval by the appropriate institutions. According to Serbia Energy, the FBiH Government had already adopted an alternative plan if the Chinese consortium would not be able to fulfill its obligations, namely to extend the life of the existing TPP Tuzla and Kakanj Thermal Power Plant coal-fired units.[31]

In September 2021, company representatives said EPBiH was willing to continue construction because the project had no alternative. The Chinese partners in the EUR 700 million project expressed a similar stance, announcing readiness to finish the project.[32]

Loan details (Unit 7)

In November 2017, the Bosnia government indicated a loan contract for the proposed unit 7 from the Export and Import Bank of China (China Eximbank) could be signed soon, provided the State Aid Council also gives its consent for loan guarantees. The plant was expected to be built by China Gezhouba Group and Guangdong Electric Power Design.[33]

On November 27, 2017, Bosnia secured a 613 million euro (US$732 million) loan from China’s Exim bank for construction of unit 7.[34] With the loan, Elektroprivreda then hired three Chinese companies – Gezhouba Group and Guandong Electric Power Design Institute (both of China Energy Engineering Corporation) and Dongfang Electric – to construct the plant.[35] IJ Global also reported that JP Elektroprivreda BiH would be committing US$134.92 million in equity toward the project.[36]

The loan guarantee was cleared by the the State Aid Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina in July 2018, but in September 2018, the Energy Community Secretariat requested the Federal Parliament not to approve the guarantee, after concluding that the guarantee would not be in line with EU law, given that it contains elements of State aid, or subsidies, which are not allowed under the EU Energy Community Treaty.[37]

In September 2018, it was reported that Gezhouba Group, Guandong Electric Power Design Institute, and Dongfang Electric of China were pulling out of the project, after failing to get approval for the plant from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[35]

On March 7, 2019, the Bosnia-Herzegovina Federal House of Representatives approved a loan guarantee for EUR 614 million from the China Exim Bank loan for the Tuzla 7 coal power plant. The House of Peoples still had to vote on the final stage of approval. According to the NGO Bankwatch, the loan approval was illegal:[37]

"Under the Energy Community Treaty, Bosnia-Herzegovina must follow EU rules on subsidies in the energy sector. Among other things, in most cases state guarantees may only cover maximum 80 percent of the total loan amount. The proposed guarantee for Tuzla 7, however, covers 100 percent of the loan, plus interest and other associated costs. There are circumstances in which this is allowed, but, as a September 2018 complaint to the Energy Community by the Aarhus Resource Centre and Bankwatch argued, the relevant conditions are not fulfilled in this case."

On March 26, 2019, the Energy Community Secretariat announced that it was officially opening a dispute settlement procedure on the planned Federal guarantee for a EUR 614 million loan from the China Eximbank to build the Tuzla 7 coal plant. The procedure could potentially lead to temporary suspension of financing by EU banks.[38]

In November 2019, a consortium comprising Slovenia's NLB Banka, Italy's Intesa Sanpaolo, and Russia's Sberbank bid to provide €74 million to Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine (EPBIH) to part-finance the Tuzla 7 coal plant. The consortium was the only bid received for the project.[39] It was subsequently confirmed to NGOs that this loan was agreed by the banks, coming just before Intesa Sanpaulo announced in April 2020 that it would no longer provide financing to new coal power projects. NGOs also raised concerns that NLB Banka shareholder the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, despite having ended its own financing for coal projects under its Energy Sector Strategy of 2013, failed to prevent NLB's financing for Tuzla 7.[40]

In November 2021, the Ministerial Council of the Energy Community confirmed that the state guarantee for the public loan for Tuzla 7 is illegal under the Energy Community Treaty. The Bosnian Federation had issued a loan guarantee in 2017 to enable the entity to borrow €614 million from the Export Import Bank of China to finance the project. The ruling followed a complaint to the Energy Community submitted by the Aarhus Center Sarajevo and Bankwatch in September 2018. Denis Zisko of the Aarhus Centre Tuzla reacted to the ruling, saying: "The loan guarantee for Tuzla 7 has been confirmed as illegal and [lead contractor] Gezhouba cannot fulfil its contract. What more do Bosnia and Herzegovina’s decision-makers need to make them drop this fantasy project?"[41]

2022- 2023 Developments

In March 2022, contract negotiations were ongoing.[42] In June 2022, the expansion project was described as "increasingly uncertain".[43] In July 2022, the government rejected the alternative equipment for the unit following the withdrawal of GE from the project and China Gezhouba being unable to fulfill the EPC contract.[44]

In June 2022, the guarantee granted by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was deemed illegal by the State Aid Council. The decision settled the infringement case launched in 2019. The elements of "state aid", as highlighted Energy Community Secretariat, were considered a failure to comply, and Bosnia and Herzegovina was ordered to withdraw the guarantee.[45]

In November 2022, Tuzla 7 had reportedly "run out of steam".[46] The expansion was presumably failed. In February 2023, the technical director of the plant stated that the construction of unit 7 has not been abandoned, but at the moment there is no information in which direction it will be implemented. He went on to say that in 2022, the agreed deal with the Chinese partner was abandoned and no new acceptable option was found.[16] In January 2023, the above decision was annulled by the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The case would return to the State Aid Council for reconsideration.[47]

In July 2023, staff at Bankwatch and CAN Europe confirmed the following details about the proposed unit: Tuzla 7 has no environmental permit, but its contract with Gezhouba still hasn't been officially cancelled, nor has the financing contract. The decision to approve the loan guarantee was in place again, even though the Energy Community Ministerial Council found it to be illegal. EPBIH's 2023-2025 business plan still noted it would build Tuzla 7, followed by Kakanj 8. The project is likely shelved or cancelled, but based on official announcements, the project remained active.[48]

In October 2023, EPBiH reportedly sent a third termination warning notice to Gezhouba in regards to the 2014 contract.[49] The proposal was described as shelved.[50] Regardless of this, EPBIH's updated business plan for 2023-2025 released in October 2023 still referred to the planned construction of the unit, with completion in 2025.[14]

In December 2023, the Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina officially announced that Tuzla 7 was cancelled. He stated (Google translate): "It is definite that it will not be built. Now the question is whether we will go to arbitration or whether we will reach an agreement with those with whom the contract was signed."[51][52]

In April 2024, it was confirmed that EPBiH had cancelled the construction contract with China Gezhouba for Tuzla 7.[53]

Unit 8

According to a long-range plan released in May 2014 by Elecktroprivreda BiH, Unit 8 would begin construction in 2023 and go online in 2027. The plan stated unit 8 would be 450 MW.[27] There was no meaningful progress on Unit 8 since then and it is presumed cancelled.

Draft NECP (2023): No New Coal

In April 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina announced a draft national energy plan until 2030 that foresees no new coal-fired plants.[54]

In July 2023, a ‘public’ consultation about Bosnia and Herzegovina’s (BiH) draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) was underway. Bankwatch Network summarized the following: "Despite considerable solar and wind potential, the Federation of BiH and Republika Srpska governments have relentlessly pushed to build new coal plants such as Tuzla 7 and Ugljevik III – as well as decades-old hydropower projects in highly sensitive locations – long past their sell-by dates. These dinosaurs have heavily burdened previous energy planning and left little space for new ideas. But the draft NECP finally looks like it was written in the 21st Century: it states that there will be no new fossil fuel plants – coal or gas. This is a significant step that must be maintained in the final version of the NECP."[55][56]

In December 2023, Energy Community Secretariat published comments and recommendations on the draft NECP, summarizing that "the draft plan its current form lacks the analytical basis, the assessment of the impacts of the planned policies and the investments needed to achieve the corresponding targets and objectives. It does not fulfil its objective, namely, to provide a clear set of policies and measures that will set Bosnia and Herzegovina on a predictable path to achieve its 2030 energy and climate targets." Detailed recommendations were provided in the Secretariat report. The final NECP has to be submitted until 30 June 2024.[57]

Financing

  • Source of financing: Unit 7 (signed in 2017): US$882 million loan from the Export-Import Bank of China;[58] €74 million (US$90.5 million) loan from NLB Banka, Intesa Sanpaolo and Sberbank;[40] US$134.92 million in equity from JP Elektroprivreda BiH[36]

Opposition

Local communities have been impacted by coal operations in Tuzla for more than 50 years, during which time they have seen their homes and lands become gradually encircled by huge lakes filled with coal ash and slag – the byproducts of burning coal. Their crops began drying up and their water has become undrinkable. There was extensive local opposition to the Tuzla 7 expansion, backed up by environmental groups.

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The Coal of Tuzla: An attack on life

In December 2020, the Center for Ecology and Energy released a report revealing the extent of local land and water contamination from toxic substances such as cadmium, lead, nickel and chromium. In the first drinking water analysis to be carried out since the Tuzla complex began burning coal in the 1960s, from March to August 2020 the Center for Ecology and Energy conducted testing of water and soil samples near slag and ash disposal sites in Tuzla – Plane, Divkovići I, Divkovići II, Drežnik and Jezero I – as well as wastewater samples from the active ash disposal site Jezero II and samples from six water wells. In total, 23 water samples and two soil samples were analyzed.

The results show that the wastewater at the active Jezero II ash landfill was alkaline toxic water containing quantities of cadmium, lead, nickel and chromium which exceed the prescribed limit values. This type of wastewater should not be discharged into surface water without treatment or come into contact with underground water. Out of the six water wells tested during the analyzed period, water from only two of them could be considered completely safe to drink according to Bosnian national standards. The analysis also discovered that the soil on the closed waste disposal sites of Plane and Drežnik, which were used for agriculture, contained concentrations of nickel between 6 and 12 times above the prescribed limits, and concentrations of chromium and cadmium between 1.6 and 4 times higher. These heavy metals, even in small quantities, tend to bioaccumulate over time, eventually leading to chronic, degenerative changes on important body organs: the liver, bones, spleen and brain.[59]

Articles and Resources

References

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  34. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Bosnia secures $732 mln energy loan from China's Exim bank," Reuters, November 27, 2017
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Chinese Pull out From Building Bosnian Power Plant," Balkan Insight, September 19, 2018
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  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Bosnia-Herzegovina Federal parliament guarantees Chinese coal plant loan in contempt of EU law," Bankwatch, March 8, 2019
  38. ↑ "Energy Community opens infringement procedure against Bosnia-Herzegovina over illegal Tuzla 7 state aid," Bankwatch, March 26, 2019
  39. ↑ "European banks must not support a "new Šoštanj 6" in Bosnia-Herzegovina, warn NGOs," Bankwatch, accessed January 2020
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "How the BRI and the availability of Chinese finance weakens the rule of law in the Western Balkans," European Network of Corporate Observatories, December 2020
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  48. ↑ "General Meeting Adopted Business Plan 2023-2025," EPBIH, December 2022
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  59. ↑ "Pollution of land, surface and groundwater near the slag and ash disposal site of Tuzla thermal power plant," Center for Ecology and Energy, December 2020

Additional data

To access additional data, including interactive maps of the power stations, downloadable datasets, and summary data, please visit the Global Bioenergy Power Tracker and the Global Coal Plant Tracker on the Global Energy Monitor website.

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