Afşin-Elbistan power stations

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Afşin-Elbistan power stations is an operating power station of at least 2460-megawatts (MW) in Çoğulhan, Afşin, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye with multiple units, some of which are not currently operating.

Location

Table 1: Project-level location details

Plant name Location Coordinates (WGS 84)
Afşin-Elbistan power stations Çoğulhan, Afşin, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye 38.3472108, 37.0260017 (exact)

The map below shows the exact location of the power station.

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Unit-level coordinates (WGS 84):

  • Unit A1, Unit A2, Unit A3, Unit A4, Unit A5, Unit A6: 38.3472108, 37.0260017
  • Unit B1, Unit B2, Unit B3, Unit B4: 38.353291, 36.9810789
  • Unit C1, Unit C2, Unit C3, Unit D, Unit E, Unit G: 38.350818, 37.00706

Project Details

Table 2: Unit-level details

Unit name Status Fuel(s) Capacity (MW) Technology Start year
Unit A1 operating coal: lignite 340 subcritical 1984
Unit A2 operating coal: lignite 340 subcritical 1984
Unit A3 operating coal: lignite 340 subcritical 1986
Unit A4 mothballed coal: lignite 335 subcritical 1987
Unit A5 pre-permit coal: unknown 344 unknown 2024 (planned)
Unit A6 pre-permit coal: unknown 344 unknown 2024 (planned)
Unit B1 operating coal: lignite 360 subcritical 2005
Unit B2 operating coal: lignite 360 subcritical 2006
Unit B3 operating coal: lignite 360 subcritical 2006
Unit B4 operating coal: lignite 360 subcritical 2006
Unit C1 shelved coal: unknown 600 unknown 2024
Unit C2 shelved coal: unknown 600 unknown 2024
Unit C3 shelved coal: unknown 600 unknown 2025
Unit D cancelled coal: unknown 1200 unknown –
Unit E cancelled coal: unknown 1400 unknown –
Unit G cancelled coal: unknown 1400 unknown –

Table 3: Unit-level ownership and operator details

Unit name Owner Parent
Unit A1 Afşİn Elbİstan Elektrİk Üretİm Ve Tİcaret AŞ [100%] Çelikler Yatırım Holding AŞ
Unit A2 Afşİn Elbİstan Elektrİk Üretİm Ve Tİcaret AŞ [100%] Çelikler Yatırım Holding AŞ
Unit A3 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit A4 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit A5 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit A6 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit B1 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit B2 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit B3 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit B4 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit C1 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit C2 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit C3 Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit D Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit E Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]
Unit G Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100%] Electricity Generation Company (Türkiye) AŞ [100.0%]

Project-level coal details

  • Coal source(s): Afşin-Elbistan (Kislakoy) coal mine, Çöllolar coalfield

Background

Afşin-Elbistan A was built and originally owned by Elektrik Üretim (EÜAŞ), the state-controlled power agency.[1] The plant was later privatised and in November 2018 its operation licence was transferred to Çelikler Holding.[2] Afşin-Elbistan B was built and is still owned by Elektrik Üretim (EÜAŞ),[3] but may also be privatised.[4] Afşin-Elbistan A was brought online in 1984-87, and Afşin-Elbistan B in 2005-2006.[5]

According to an estimate from the Greenpeace Mediterranean Climate and Energy campaign, the power stations have caused 17,000 premature deaths.[6]

Afşin-Elbistan A

In November 2012, EÜAŞ contracted Alstom Power to refurbish Afşin-Elbistan A.[7] In May 2015, it was privatised and bought by ERG Verbund[8] which planned to refurbish the plant.[9] In June 2018, ERG Verbund's name was changed to Afşin Elbistan Elektrik Üretim ve Ticaret company.[2] With the legal status of ERG Verbund's operating rights in question, the plant stopped operations for refurbishment in March 2017.[10] However Çelikler Holding bought all shares of[11] Afşin Elbistan Elektrik Üretim ve Ticaret company (previously ERG Verbund) and ownership was transferred to Çelikler Holding in November 2018.[2] In November 2019 the production licence was also transferred to Çelikler Holding for a period of 20 years.[12] The plant still operates despite the low capacity.[13] The plant's four units generate a total of 1,355 MW: Unit 1-3: 3 x 340 MW; Unit 4: 335 MW.[14] According to CAN Europe Units 3 had resumed operating as of December 2021.[15]

According to an October 2022 report, Afşin-Elbistan A was operating despite not having an environmental permit. In addition, the units did not have flue gas or nitrogen removal treatments installed. The power station received multiple environmental penalties in 2022.[16]

In December 2022, a fatal accident occurred at Afşin-Elbistan A. An investigation into the incident was underway.[17] In April 2024, a fire broke out in Afşin-Elbistan A Unit 4, seriously injuring three workers.[18]

In July 2024, a worker was fatally electrocuted while dismantling an electrical line at Afşin-Elbistan A power station.[19]

As of August 2024, approximately 300 employees had reportedly been laid off from Çeliker Holding's Afşin-Elbistan power station units following a request for improved working conditions and a 16% raise.[20]

Expansion proposal

In January 2022, a 2 X 344 MW expansion of Afşin-Elbistan A was announced. The Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change stated that the EIA process had been initiated for the project. Construction was planned to be completed within 36 months.[21]

In April 2022, a public meeting on the proposed expansion's environmental impact assessment (EIA) took place. Residents of Kangal Village, Mostolhan Village, Altunelma Village and Alemdar Village attended the meeting and expressed that in addition to cancelling the expansion, the existing power station should be closed as soon as possible. Various environmental groups also attended and expressed the same sentiment. An analysis conducted by the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) revealed that the expansion would cause an additional 1,900 premature deaths. Records from the Elbistan Health Group showed that cancer cases in the region increased eight times following the opening of the Afşin-Elbistan A power station.[6]

As of September 2022, the EIA process was ongoing.[22]

In May 2023, the power station expansion was not listed on the "Construction & Undertaking" page of the Çelikler Holding website.[23]

A March 2024 Change.org petition advocating for the expansion project's cancellation had over 17,000 signatures in eight weeks.[24]

In April 2024, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change reportedly held a meeting to discuss the expansion units' Environmental Impact Assessment.[25] In May 2024, the Ministry was preparing their final decision on the approval of the expansion's permitting.[26] In June 2024, nearby residents called for the Ministry to reject the EIA proposal, highlighting the rise of cancer rates over the last two decades.[27]

As of July 2024, the Ministry had not yet announced their decision on the Environmental Impact Assessment.[28]

In September 2024, the NGO Human Rights Watch urged Türkiye’s Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change to reject the proposed expansion of Afşin-Elbistan A, stating that air pollution near the plant has harmed residents in the surrounding community.[29] The expansion would reportedly cause 88.4 billion Turkish liras (US$2.6 billion) in public health-related costs.[30]

Afşin-Elbistan B

In 2017 the plants four units were retrofitted to increase their capacities to 391 MW for Unit 1, 391 MW for Unit 2, 391 MW for Unit 3, and 391 MW for Unit 4.[31] In January 2020 Afşin-Elbistan B received a "temporary activity certificate" that will allow it to continue operating for six months despite its failure to comply with filtration requirements under Environmental Law 2872.[32] In May 2020 Greenpeace applied to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization to shut down Afşin-Elbistan B and eight other plants not in compliance with Environmental Law 2872 due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the correlation between fine particulate pollution and higher mortality rates from Covid-19.[33][34] The plant's four units generate 1,440 MW: 4 x 360 MW.[35]

In June 2021 the plant was forced to stop operating after running out of coal supplied from the nearby Çöllolar coalfield. Coal production at Çöllolar was interrupted by landslides in December 2020.[36] Unit 3 was restarted using gas in June 2021, but it continued operating using coal.[36]

As of October 2021, coal supply to the plant had not been restored and the plant's coal-burning units remained idle.[37] According to CAN Europe Units 1-2 and Unit 4 had resumed operating as of December 2021.[38]

In November 2022, a tender was awarded to reopen the Çöllolar coal field. The plan was to mine 544 million tons of reserves, and the target was to supply Afşin-Elbistan B power station.[39]

Afşin-Elbistan B was among the infrastructure impacted by the February 2023 earthquakes, but damage assessments allowed the units to partially come back online within two weeks. A collapse occurred at the Afşin-Elbistan coal mine, which had the potential to impact supply.[40]

In May 2023, Afşin-Elbistan B reentered full operation.[41]

In June 2023, a fire broke out at Afşin-Elbistan B during routine maintenance of the flue gas treatment system, which burned for five hours.[42] In March 2024, reporting stated that the cost of damages caused by the fire was approaching 1 billion lira (US$31.1 million).[43]

As of October 2024, Afşin-Elbistan B was expected to pause operations for six months. The units were impacted by a September 2024 mine collapse.[44]

Afşin-Elbistan C and D

In September 2008 Turkey's electricity production corporation EUAS cancelled a tender for Afsin Elbistan C and D units, each proposed to be 1,200 megawatts (MW).[45]

In January 2013, the UAE's state power company Abu Dhabi National Energy (TAQA) signed an agreement with EÜAŞ to build US$12 billion worth of coal mines and coal-fired power plants in the Afşin-Elbistan region — a project with a combined power generation capacity of up to 7,000 new MW. As part of the deal, TAQA would acquire and expand Afşin-Elbistan B, and do a feasibility study for a planned 1,440 MW Plant C and associated mine. It was also reported that over time Taqa would "develop several new power plants and associated mines" in sectors D, E and G, presumably building a plant in each of these sectors.[46] For these additional projects, "necessary infrastructure services [would have] to be made by the public [sector]. Two towns [would have] to be relocated. River-beds should be changed; water dams are to be constructed, high voltage transmission lines are to be installed."[47]

In August 2013, TAQA postponed its $8 billion share of financing until 2014, citing uncertainty.[48] Industry officials cited difficult financing conditions amidst a currency sell-off as the main reason for the delay. Others have speculated that the then Prime Minister Erdogan's criticism of the UAE-supported ouster of the Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi might have been a reason.[49]

Following President Erdogan's visit to Doha in December 2013, Turkish Energy Minister Taner Yildiz stated that Qatar was interested in investing in the project. China and South Korea have apparently also expressed interest.[49] As of February 2014, Saudi company ACWA Power and Thai company Singa Energy were also expressing interest in investment, for an expected total of $20 billion.[50]

In April 2014 Daily Sabah reported that Mitsui had undertaken a feasibility study into the construction of two additional units - C and D - at the plant.[51] In February 2015 it was reported that a consortium of Mitsubishi Corporation, Marubeni and Chubu Electric Power in Japan and Qatar Holding and Nebras Power from Qatar signed an agreement with the Turkish government to study projects in the Afşin-Elbistan region, including the development, operation and maintenance of lignite power plants. [52]

In August 2020, the Chief Executive of the Turkish Wealth Fund Zafer Sonmez announced that the fund was conducting a feasibility study for the C segment.[53] The same month, he announced plans to break ground in 2021, and stated that the fund was talking with six Chinese companies. The Chinese company that was awarded the contract would both construct the power station and finance the construction. [54][55]

As of December 2020, Afsin-Elbistan-D no longer appears on EMRA's website and has been cancelled.[56]

In April 2023, an analysis from the Health and Environment Alliance stated that building Afşin-Elbistan C would cause 3,289 premature deaths.[57]

Funding for Afşin-Elbistan C

Citigroup and Verus Partners are acting as financial advisers for the project.[58]

The Turkish Wealth Fund, which is owned and managed by the Government of Turkey, is the driving force behind the Afşin-Elbistan C power station project. The Chief Executive of the Turkish Wealth Fund, Zafer Sonmez, stated that, "The low-calorie nature of coal in Afşin-Elbistan and the volume of the reserve and project drives away the private sector. This is why the TWF steps in to fill the void."[59] In April 2021, it was reported that the Turkish Wealth Fund was still negotiating with 7 Chinese companies, seeking a firm to both construct and finance the Afşin-Elbistan C power station. The Fund stated that it expected to tender a contract by the end of 2021. The total cost of the power station was estimated at TL 17 billion, or about US$ 2 billion.[60] As of March 2023 and March 2024, there was no information on the outcome of the tender.

Permitting for Afşin-Elbistan C

The EIA process for an Afşin-Elbistan C plant with 1,800 MW capacity began in September 2018,[61] and received positive opinion in April 2019.[62] The EIA report was cancelled after the evaluation meeting in Ankara on 24th October 2019 where Afşin Municipality gave an adverse opinion due to heavy pollution caused by A and B plants,[63] environmental groups also opposed the plant on health and air pollution grounds.[64]

On 25th December 2019, an urgent expropriation for the plant was announced by presidential directive.[65] In March 2020 it was reported that the plant had received a positive EIA decision and that it would consist of 3 x 600 MW units.[66]

In November 2021 a report of the Maraş Regional Administrative Court found that the EIA positive decision given to Afşin-Elbistan C was faulty as it failed to accurately assess the project's impact on agricultural activities, environmental pollution, water basins and human health.[67]

In March 2022, the Kahramanmaraş Administrative Court ruled to halt the project on the grounds of potential pollution. The court determined that the EIA did not comply with the law and stated: "there is no public interest in the construction of such a thermal power plant".[68] The decision could be appealed to the Council of State (Danıştay).

In June 2022, the court returned a second decision after two separate lawsuits were filed in an attempt to halt Afşin-Elbistan C. The ruling stated that emissions calculations and other environmental impacts had not been addressed thoroughly. They found that the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization's initial approval of the EIA was unlawful.[69]

In June 2023, an appeal decision reportedly approved the decision to halt any further development at the plant.[70] Afşin-Elbistan C was therefore presumed to be shelved.

Afşin-Elbistan E and G

Afsin Elbistan E and Afsin Elbistan G are each estimated to have 1,400 MW capacity.[71] In October 2020 EÜAŞ began rerouting a canal in the vicinity of the proposed site of Afşin-Elbistan E as a preliminary step toward preparing the site for construction.[72]

As of December 2020 Afsin-Elbistan-E and Afsin-Elbistan-G no longer appear on EMRA's website and has been cancelled.[73]

Related mines

Two coal mines were opened in the Afşin-Elbistan coalfield to power complex. First of these started operations in 1984, near the village of Kışlaköy, to feed the Afşin-Elbistan A power plant.[74] A second mine was opened in 2007 after the construction of Afşin-Elbistan B, named Çöllolar. However,the Çöllolar mine was destroyed in a landslide in 2011, and since then the Kışlaköy mine feeds both plants.[75][76]

As of 2019, EÜAŞ received a positive EIA to dump waste from the power complex into the Kışlaköy mine property.[75]

In September 2024, a landslide collapse occurred at the coal field supplying Afşin-Elbistan A and Afşin-Elbistan B power stations.[77]

Environmental impact

In February 2019 the Right to Clean Air Platform-Turkey, a coalition of 17 professional organizations and NGOs, successfully campaigned to stop the Turkish Parliament from delaying proper air pollution filtration system and infrastructure requirements for old privatised coal plants until 2021, including ÇATES.[78] The delay would have allowed ÇATES to continue to operate without a modern dust, desulphurization and denitrification system.[79] [80] In November 2019 the Turkish Parliament approved the bill.[81] However on Dec. 2, 2019 President and Justice and Development Party (AKP) Chair Recep Tayyip Erdoğan vetoed the bill and said this veto was motivated by "environmental sensitivity".[82]

As a result, Afşin-Elbistan and other privatised coal power plants that have not completed the required infrastructure including filtration system must complete these requirements beginning Jan. 1, 2020 or these plants will face closure and/or fines.[83]

In January 2020 Afşin-Elbistan A was one of five plants closed by the government under Environmental Law 2872 for failing to install a more effective air filtration system. The other closed plants were Kütahya Seyitömer, Kütahya Tunçbilek, Sivas Kangal and Zonguldak Çatalağzı.[84] In June 2020 two of the plant's four units were declared in compliance with the new filter requirement and were cleared to resume operating with a one-year temporary license.[85] In November 2020 it was reported that 100% of a new dry flue gas filter system and 65% of a new west gas flue system had been installed, and that installation of the latter would be complete in Q1 2021.[86] In February 2021 CHP Deputy Chairman of Nature Rights and Environment and Kahramanmaraş Deputy Ali Öztunç announced that the plant had not installed new filters despite a grant of 1.45 billion lira to do so.[87] As of June 2021 Unit 3 at Afşin-Elbistan A had come into compliance with the new emissions law and had resumed operations.[88]

A July 2021 report by Climate Change Policy and Research Association found that neither Afşin-Elbistan A nor Afşin-Elbistan B were in compliance with flue gas emissions standards but were continuing to operate as a result of each obtaining a Temporary Activity Certificate (GFB).[89]

In May 2022, an alleged act of sabotage occurred at Afşin-Elbistan A. Thick black smoke was emitted from a chimney for several minutes, apparently in an attempt to disrupt environmental investments made by Çelikler Holding.[90] A Turkish environmental consultant stated in a Tweet that the smoke contained sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, highlighting that this type of pollution should be monitored at coal-fired power plants.[91]

In April 2024, a petition effort advocating for the Afşin-Elbistan expansions to be cancelled and operating units to be retired highlighted the environmental impact of the power station. Advocates from the local organization Elbistan Hayatı ve Doğayı Koruma Platformu (Elbistan Life and Nature Protection Platform) stated (Google translate): "The power plants that have been operating for years have left no healthy people and productive agricultural land in our region. Lung and respiratory diseases are extremely common. We no longer want projects that will make our lives more difficult in our region, which has already been damaged by the earthquake. We want to live with human dignity in a clean and healthy environment".[92]

As of November 2024, the ash filters at Afşin-Elbistan A were reportedly continuing to work at a partial capacity, resulting in ongoing environmental and public health concerns.[93] A December 2024 image showed a layer of ash coating the Çoğulhan neighborhood of Afşin.[94]

Water intake

In March 2017, the power complex stopped drawing water from the Ceyhan River for 2 months whilst the state water board investigated complaints of low water levels, which may have exacerbated the pollution in the river.[95]

Articles and Resources

References

  1. ↑ Enerji Atlası, accessed May 20, 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Çelikler Holding Afşin-Elbistan A Termik Santralinin üretim lisansını devraldı", Enerji IQ, 13 Jan. 2019.
  3. ↑ EÜAŞ Thermal Power Plants, Elektrik Üretim website, accessed Mar. 2014.
  4. ↑ "Bakan Albayrak devir için ilk kez konuştu", Elbistanın Sesi, 21 April 2016
  5. ↑ Afsin Elbistan-A Coal Power Plant Turkey, Global Energy Observatory, accessed Mar. 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Afşin Termik Santrali ÇED toplantısında halk 'istemiyoruz' dedi, Gazete Duvar, April 27, 2022
  7. ↑ "Alstom to Service and Maintain Afşin-Elbistan A Thermal Power Plant in Turkey", Alstom Power press release, Nov. 20, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Afşin-Elbistan A Termik devredildi Kaynak: Afşin-Elbistan A Termik devredildi" Enerji Günlüğü, May 11, 2015.
  9. ↑ Afşin - Elbistan Thermal Power Plant, ERG Construction website, accessed May 21, 2018.
  10. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan A Termik Santrali, 5 yıl elektrik üretemeyecek, Enerji Enstitüsü, June 19, 2017.
  11. ↑ "Avusturyalılar çekiliyor, Afşin A Santrali'ni Çelikler alıyor", Dünya, 5 April 2018.
  12. ↑ EMRA Licence website, accessed Nov. 2019
  13. ↑ EXIST Transparency Platform, accessed 9 December 2019
  14. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe
  15. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe, January 2022
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  17. ↑ Elbistan Termik Santrali'nde feci olay! 23 yaşındaki işçi hayatını kaybetti, mynet, December 20, 2022
  18. ↑ Kapasite Artışı İstenen Afşin Elbistan Termik Santralında Yangın Çıktı, İklim Haber, April 3, 2024
  19. ↑ Termik santralde iş cinayeti: Bir işçi akıma kapılan işçi öldü, Gazete Duvar, July 28, 2024
  20. ↑ Elbistan Termik Santrali'nde işçi kıyımı! Haklarını aradılar, işlerinden oldular, Tele1, August 17, 2024
  21. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan Termik Santrali için iki yeni ünite başvurusu yapıldı, Gazete Duvar, January 28, 2022
  22. ↑ Bir Kömür Profili: Afşin-Elbistan Cehenneme Razı Olmak İstemiyor, Iklim Haber, September 30, 2022
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  24. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan'da Termik Santral İstemiyoruz, Change.org, accessed May 23, 2024
  25. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan’da Kömür Sevdası Bitmiyor: Yeni 2 Ünite için Bakanlık’ta Toplanılacak, İklim Haber, March 28, 2024
  26. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan A Termik Santrali'ne Yeni Üniteler İçin Nihai Karar Bekleniyor, Yeşil Afşin, May 23, 2024
  27. ↑ Maraşlılardan bakanlığa çağrı: Yeni santral için onay vermeyin, Bianet, June 5, 2024
  28. ↑ ‘Afşin-Elbistan yeni bir santrali kaldıramaz’ diyen halk, kömürsüz gelecek istiyor, Yesil Gazete, July 8, 2024
  29. ↑ Türkiye: Plans for Harmful Coal Expansion, Human Rights Watch, September 2, 2024
  30. ↑ Heavy Economic Burden on Kahramanmaraş: Expansion of Afşin Elbistan A Thermal Power Plant 88.4 billion liras in health costs, Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu, September 5, 2024
  31. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe, March 2020
  32. ↑ Anasayfa Gündem Haberleri Bakan Kurum'dan Bursa'yı da ilgilendiren termik santral açıklaması, Bursa Hakimiyet, Jan. 1, 2020
  33. ↑ Koronavirüs döneminde filtresiz termik santraller kapatılmalı, Cumhuriyet, May 22, 2020
  34. ↑ Isabelle Garretsen, How air pollution exacerbates Covid-19 BBC, Apr. 27, 2020
  35. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Taşıma Kömürle Değirmen Dönmedi, B Termik Santralinde Üretim Durdu!, Yesilafsin, Jun. 23, 2021
  37. ↑ Haluk Direskeneli, Coal Plant Without Coal: Only In Turkey, Eurasia Review, Oct. 7, 2021
  38. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe, January 2022
  39. ↑ İhale sonuçlandı, Çöllolar'da kazı başlıyor, Elbistanin Sesi, November 19, 2022.
  40. ↑ Depremden etkilenen Afşin-Elbistan Termik Santrali yeniden üretime başlıyor, Yesil Gazete, February 17, 2023.
  41. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan B Termik Santrali yeniden üretime başladı, Ekonomim, May 10, 2023.
  42. ↑ Termik santralde çıkan yangın söndürüldü!, Haber Turk, June 3, 2023.
  43. ↑ B Termik'teki yangının faturası 1 milyar liraya yaklaştı, Elbistanin Sesi, March 19, 2024
  44. ↑ Türkiye’nin en büyük termik santralinde enerji üretimi durdu, İhlas Haber Ajansı, October 7, 2024
  45. ↑ Turkey to cancel power plant tender -EUAS, Reuters, Sep 9, 2008
  46. ↑ Haseeb Haider, "Taqa signs $12b Turkey deal," Khaleej Times, January 4, 2013.
  47. ↑ Haluk Direskeneli, "The Real Crazy Project: Afsin Elbistan", Turkish Weekly, June 3, 2011.
  48. ↑ "A Win with a big 'W'" 350.org, Sep 3, 2013.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Turkey Says Qatar Interested In Afsin-Elbistan Power Project, Gulf Business, Dec. 5, 2013.
  50. ↑ Turkey Expected to Sign $20 billion Energy Investment Deal Soon, Daily Sabah, Feb. 25, 2014.
  51. ↑ "Japanese Co. to build coal-fired plants in Turkey, Daily Sabah, April 5, 2014.
  52. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Qatar-Japan consortium to study projects in Turkey's Afsin Elbistan," Reuters, Feb 22, 2015
  53. ↑ Sönmez: “Afşin’e, çevreye duyarlı, teknolojik bir santral yapacağız” Elbistan'in Ses', August 13, 2020
  54. ↑ Turkish sovereign wealth fund courts China's Belt and Road, Nikkei Asia, Aug. 12, 2020.
  55. ↑ Turkey's Wealth Fund Targets Chemicals and Aviation for a Boost, BNN Bloomberg, Jul. 22, 2020.
  56. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe, January 2021
  57. ↑ The myth of “clean coal”: why coal power generation is always unhealthy, HEAL, April 27, 2023
  58. ↑ "Preview of Afsin-Elbistan C Power Station PPP (1440MW) | Transaction | IJGlobal". ijglobal.com. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  59. ↑ Sinan Öztürk, Turkey Wealth Fund eyes becoming strategic investment arm of the country, Daily Sabah, Jan. 21, 2021
  60. ↑ Çinliler yapacak, Türkiye Varlık Fonu büyük ortak olacak, Elbistanın Sesi, Apr. 13, 2021
  61. ↑ EIA process for Thermal Power Plant started, Elbistanın Sesi, Sep. 6, 2018
  62. ↑ KAHRAMANMARAŞ ili AFSIN, ELBISTAN ilcesi ÇED OLUMLU, Ministry of Environment and Urbanism, April 25, 2019.
  63. ↑ Press Meeting of Afşin Municipality, 24 October 2019
  64. ↑ Afşin’de Kömürlü Termik Santrallerin Bedeli, Greenpeace, March 12, 2019.
  65. ↑ Afşin C Termik Santralı İçin Acele Kamulaştırma Çıktı, Yeşil Afşin, Dec. 25, 2019.
  66. ↑ Bölge halkından C Termik Santrali’ne karşı binlerce dilekçe, Elbistaninsesi, Mar. 6, 2020
  67. ↑ Bilirkişi Afşin C Santrali’nin ÇED raporunu olumsuz buldu, Politika Haber, Nov. 18, 2021
  68. ↑ Kahramanmaraş'ta mahkeme Afşin C Termik Santrali için yürütmeyi durdurma kararı verdi, bundan sonra ne olacak?, BBC News, March 15, 2022
  69. ↑ Afşin C Termik Santrali'ne ‘ÇED olumlu’ raporu mahkemeden döndü, Gazete Duvar, June 9, 2022
  70. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe, July 2023
  71. ↑ "Turkey’s coal-fired visions," Lexology
  72. ↑ 11 kilometrelik dev kanalın yapımına başlandı, Elbistaninsesi, Oct. 24, 2020
  73. ↑ Communication with CAN Europe, January 2021
  74. ↑ Yörükoğlu, Mustafa (September 1991). "Afşin-Elbistan Projesi ve TKİ Kurumu AELÎ Müessesesinde Madencilik Çalışmaları(Afşin-Elbistan Mining Project and Mining Activities at AELl Establishment of TKİ)" (PDF). Madencilik. 30 (3): 13–29. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Türkiye'ye Güç Veriyoruz: 2019 Faaliyet Raporu . Elektrik Üretim Anonim Şirketi. Report.
  76. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan Coal Power Plants, Önder Algedik, Dec. 2015.
  77. ↑ Kahramanmaraş'ta Afşin-Elbistan A Termik Santrali'nde Göçük, Özgür Gazete, September 20, 2024
  78. ↑ Step forward for health protection in Turkey: Proposal to extend the pollution exemptions given to privatised coal power plants withdrawn, Health And Environment Alliance, Feb. 15, 2019
  79. ↑ Communication with HEAL, December 2019
  80. ↑ Turkish Parliament will vote about polluting coal power plants next week, Health And Environment Alliance, Feb. 1, 2019.
  81. ↑ 50’inci madde kabul edildi, Yeşil Ekonomi, 22 Nov. 2019
  82. ↑ Erdoğan Vetoes Bill Postponing Installation of Filters to Coal-Fired Plants , Bianet, 02 December 2019.
  83. ↑ TBMM Plan Ve Bütçe Komisyonu, Santrallere Filtre Düzenlemesini Yeniden Görüştü, Meclis Haber, 4 December 2019.
  84. ↑ 5 thermal power plants that did not install filters and did not take flue gas treatment measures were completely closed, BBC, Jan. 2, 2020
  85. ↑ Son dakika... Bakan Kurum'dan termik santral açıklaması, Hurriyet, Jun. 8, 2020
  86. ↑ Afşin Elbistan A Santrali'nde çevre sistemleri, uluslararası standartlara sahip, Haberler, Nov. 12, 2020
  87. ↑ ‘300 bin kişinin üzerine zehir ve kül yağmaya devam ediyor’, Sozcu, Feb. 5, 2021
  88. ↑ ÖZELLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TERMİK SANTRALLER VE ÇEVRE MEVZUATINA UYUM SÜREÇLERİ, POLİTİKA VE ARAŞTIRMA DERNEĞİ, retrieved July 2021
  89. ↑ Kömürlü termik santralleri çevreyi ve havayı kirletmeye devam ediyor, Sozcu, Jul. 7, 2021
  90. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan A Termik Santrali'nde görülen siyah dumanla ilgili "sabotaj" açıklaması, Independent Türkçe, May 8, 2022
  91. ↑ Prof. Dr. Mustafa Öztürk, @ozturk_mustafa, Twitter, May 10, 2022
  92. ↑ Afşin-Elbistan'daki kömürlü termik santrallerin kapatılması talebi, bianet, April 30, 2024
  93. ↑ Kahramanmaraş’ta Termik Santral Filtre Sorununu Çözemedi, Kahraman TV, November 13, 2024
  94. ↑ Kanser mevsimi başladı: Çelikler'den Çoğulhan'a kül yağışı!, Elbistan Olay, December 1, 2024
  95. ↑ "Afşin Elbistan A ve B termik santrallerine su yasağı", Sivil ve Ekolojik Haklar Derneği, Mar. 6, 2017

Additional data

To access additional data, including an interactive map of coal-fired power stations, a downloadable dataset, and summary data, please visit the Global Coal Plant Tracker on the Global Energy Monitor website.

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