Druzhba Oil Pipeline

From Global Energy Monitor
This article is part of the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker, a project of Global Energy Monitor.
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Druzhba Oil Pipeline, also known as the Friendship Pipeline (Russian: Нефтепровод "Дружба") and Comecon Pipeline, is the world's longest oil pipeline and one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some 4,000 km from the eastern part of the European Russia to points in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany.[1] The network also branches out into numerous pipelines to deliver its product throughout Eastern Europe and beyond. The name "Druzhba" means "friendship," alluding to the fact that the pipeline supplied oil to the energy-hungry western regions of the Soviet Union, to its "fraternal socialist allies" in the former Soviet bloc, and to western Europe. Today, it is the largest principal artery for the transportation of Russian (and Kazakh) oil across Europe.

The Druzhba pipeline is one of the main pipelines that has been affected by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with a number of branches experiencing interruptions and being mothballed.[2][3]

Location

The pipeline runs from Almetyevsk in Tatarstan, Russia, and branches off to Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Germany.[4]

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Project details

  • Operator: Transneft[5] (Russia ); Gomeltransneft Druzhba (Belarus ); UkrTransNafta (Ukraine ); PERN Przyjazn SA (Poland ); Transpetrol AS (Slovakia ); Mero (Czech Republic ); MOL (Hungary)[6]
  • Owner: Transneft (Russia ); Gomeltransneft Druzhba (Belarus ); UkrTransNafta (Ukraine ); PERN Przyjazn SA (Poland ); Transpetrol AS (Slovakia ); Mero (Czech Republic ); MOL (Hungary)
  • Parent company: Transneft (Russia ); UkrTransNafta (Ukraine ); PERN Przyjazn SA (Poland ); Transpetrol AS (Slovakia ); Mero (Czech Republic ); MOL (Hungary)
  • Capacity: 1,400,000 barrels per day
  • Length: 5,100 kilometers / 3,168.99 miles[7]
  • Status: Operating
  • Start year: 1962
  • Associated Infrastructure: Almetyevsk-Kuibyshev oil pipeline


The pipeline begins from Almetyevsk in Tatarstan, the Russian heartland, where it collects oil from western Siberia, the Urals, and the Caspian Sea. It runs to Mozyr in southern Belarus, where it splits into a northern and southern branch. The northern section runs west through Poland, terminating in Schwedt, Germany. The southern section runs through Uzhgorod, Ukraine, passing through Slovakia before terminating in the Czech Republic.[8][9]

The Russian segment

The first segment of the oil pipeline is Almetyevsk-Kuibyshev oil pipeline, which further connects to Kuibyshev-Unecha-Mozyr pipelines.

Kuibyshev-Unecha-Mozyr-1 oil pipeline

Kuibyshev-Unecha-Mozyr-1 oil pipeline (Druzhba-1) runs from Lopatino linear operation control station near Samara (formerly Kuibyshev), Russia to Mozyr linear operation control station near Mazyr, Belarus.[10]

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  • Operator: Transneft-Druzhba,[10][11] Gomeltransneft Druzhba[12]
  • Owner: Transneft, Gomeltransneft Druzhba[12]
  • Parent company: Transneft, Gomeltransneft Druzhba[12]
  • Capacity: 36.8 mtpa[13]
  • Length: 1792 km[11]
  • Diameter: 1020 mm,[10] 1000 mm,[14] 820 mm
  • Status: Operating[10]
  • Start year: 1964[10] 1966[15]
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:

Kuibushev-Unecha 2 oil pipeline

Kuibyshev-Unecha-2 oil pipeline runs from Lopatino linear operation control station near Samara (formerly Kuibyshev), Russia to Unecha pumping station near Unecha, Russia.[10]

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  • Operator: Transneft-Druzhba[10][11]
  • Owner: Transneft
  • Parent company: Transneft
  • Capacity: 74 mtpa[13]
  • Length:
  • Diameter: 1220 mm[14]
  • Status: Operating[16]
  • Start year: 1973
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:

Unecha-Mozyr 2 oil pipeline

Unecha-Mozyr-2 oil pipeline (Druzhba-2) runs from Unecha pumping station near Unecha, Russia to Mozyr linear operation control station near Mazyr, Belarus.[10]

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  • Operator: Transneft-Druzhba,[10][11] Gomeltransneft Druzhba[12]
  • Owner: Transneft, Gomeltransneft Druzhba[12]
  • Parent company: Transneft, Gomeltransneft Druzhba[12]
  • Capacity: 53.9 mtpa[17]
  • Length: 183 km[15]
  • Diameter: 1020 mm[17]
  • Status: Operating[16]
  • Start year: 1973[17]
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure

Northern Section

The northern branch of Druzhba starts in Mazyr (Mozyr), Belarus and goes through Poland, supplying refineries in Płock and in Schwedt. The pipeline further extends to Rostock and Leuna in Germany. The capacity of the Northern branch of Druzhba is estimated at 49.8 mtpa.[18]

This section of the pipeline is operating as of February 2023, transporting Kazakh oil to Germany.[19][20] Germany and Poland no longer receive Russian oil through this segment of the pipeline.[21]

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Mozyr-Brest oil pipeline

The pipeline runs from Mozyr to Brest, Belarus. Mozyr-Brest oil pipeline consists of three parallel pipelines. The length provided is for the corridor, not the total pipeline length.

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  • Operator: Gomeltransneft Druzhba[15][22]
  • Owner: Gomeltransneft Druzhba[22]
  • Parent company: Gomeltransneft Druzhba
  • Capacity: 22.8 mtpa[23]
  • Length: 441 km[15]
  • Diameter: 630 mm, 720 mm, 820 mm[15]
  • Status: Operating[19][20][24]
  • Start year: 1963, 1971, 1980[15]
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:

Deliveries of Russian oil to Poland via the Druzhba pipeline ceased in February of 2023, and pumping to Germany has been halted since the beginning of 2023. In December 2023, it was reported that the pipeline was used to transport Kazakh oil.[24]

Adamowo-Plock oil pipeline

Also known as the Eastern section of the ‚Przyjaźń’ pipeline. As of February 27, 2023, the pipeline transports oil from Kazakhstan to Germany with Poland as a transit country only.[19] The pipeline runs from Adamowo depot to Miszewko Strzalkowskie near Plock, Poland.

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  • Operator: PERN S.A.[25]
  • Owner: PERN S.A.[25]
  • Parent company: PERN S.A.
  • Capacity: 56 mtpa[26]
  • Length: 223 km[26]
  • Diameter:
  • Status: Operating[19][20]
  • Start year: 1962
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure: Pomeranian oil pipeline, Płock–Gdańsk Oil pipeline

Plock-Schwedt oil pipeline

Also known as the Western section of the ‚Przyjaźń’ pipeline. As of February 27, 2023, the pipeline transports oil from Kazakhstan to Germany with Poland as a transit country only.[19] The pipeline runs from Miszewko Strzalkowskie near Plock, Poland to the border with Germany.

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Freundschaft oil pipeline

Freundschaft oil pipeline runs from the Germany-Poland border to Schwedt, Germany.[27]

  • Operator: MVL[28]
  • Owner: MVL[29]
  • Parent company: TotalEnergies (55%); PCK (45%)[30]
  • Capacity:
    • Freundschaft 1 oil pipeline: 5.1 mtpa[31]
    • Freundschaft 2 oil pipeline: 17.4 mtpa[31]
  • Length:
    • Freundschaft 1 oil pipeline: 27 km[31]
    • Freundschaft 2 oil pipeline: 25 km[31]
  • Diameter:
    • Freundschaft 1 oil pipeline: 500 mm[31]
    • Freundschaft 2 oil pipeline: 800 mm[31]
  • Status: Operating[19][20]
  • Start year: 1963
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:

Schwedt-Rostock oil pipeline

The pipeline runs from Schwedt to Rostock, Germany. As of February 27, 2023, the pipeline transports oil from Kazakhstan.[19]

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Schwedt-Leuna oil pipeline

Also known as Heinersdorf-Leuna or Seprgau oil pipeline consists of two lines. As of February 27, 2023, the pipeline transports oil from Kazakhstan.[19] The pipeline runs from Schwedt to Leuna, Germany.

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  • Operator: MVL[28]
  • Owner: MVL[29]
  • Parent company: TotalEnergies (55%); PCK (45%)[30]
  • Capacity:
    • Schwedt-Leuna oil pipeline 1: 5.1 mtpa[31]
    • Schwedt-Leuna oil pipeline 2: 8.4 mtpa[31]
  • Length: 336 km[31]
  • Diameter:
    • Schwedt-Leuna oil pipeline 1: 500 mm[31]
    • Schwedt-Leuna oil pipeline 2: 700 mm[31]
  • Status: Operating[19][20]
  • Start year:
    • Schwedt-Leuna oil pipeline 1: 1967[28]
    • Schwedt-Leuna oil pipeline 1: 1978[28]
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:

Southern Section

The southern branch runs south through Ukraine. In Brody the Druzhba pipeline is connected with the Odessa–Brody Oil Pipeline, which is currently used to ship oil from the Druzhba pipeline to the Black Sea. In Uzhgorod the pipeline splits into lines to Slovakia and to Hungary. The line through Slovakia is divided once again near Bratislava: one branch leading in a northwest direction to the Czech Republic and the other going southward to Hungary. The pipeline branches off toward Hungary in Banská Bystrica Region (Slovakia) near the river of Ipeľ, crosses the Hungarian border at Drégelypalánk and leads to Százhalombatta.[9] In Hungary, the pipeline supplies Duna and Tisza refineries.[36] The Southern Section consists of three parallel pipelines.[37] The capacity of the Southern branch of Druzhba is estimated at 16.7 mtpa.[18]

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Mozyr-Uzhgorod oil pipeline

Mozyr-Uzhgorod oil pipeline (Russian: нефтепровод "Мозырь-Ужгород", "Мозырь-Броды-Ужгород") runs from Mozyr in Belarus through two lines of Mozyr-Brody oil pipeline and Brody-Uzhgorod until Uzhgorod in Ukraine.[38][39][40]

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Mozyr-Uzhgorod 1 oil pipeline

Mozyr-Uzhgorod 2 oil pipeline

Background

The first line of the Druzhba pipeline on the Mozyr-Brody-Uzhgorod section was put into operation gradually between 1962 and 1963. Its length within Ukraine was 684 km. Oil transportation was ensured by seven pumping stations, and a section for oil loading onto railway transport was located in Brody. The designed input capacity of the pipeline in Ukraine reached 17.5 mtpa, while the output capacity was 8.5 mtpa. The pipeline was intended for transporting a blend of Tatar, Bashkir, and Western Siberian oil for export to Hungary, former Czechoslovakia, and oil loading in Brody for export through oil terminal complexes in Odessa and Reni. The second line of the Druzhba pipeline across the territory of Ukraine, along with seven parallel pumping stations with the first line, was constructed during the period from 1970 to 1974. With the commissioning of the second line, the total designed input capacity of the Druzhba pipeline in Ukraine reached 55 mtpa, while the output capacity was 26.5 mtpa.[42]

Uzhgorod-Sahy oil pipeline

The pipeline runs from Uzhgorod, Ukraine to Sahy, Slovakia.

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  • Operator: Transpetrol AS,[48] UkrTransNafta
  • Owner: Transpetrol AS,[48] UkrTransNafta
  • Parent company: Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic,[49] Naftogaz
  • Capacity: 22 mtpa[44]
  • Length: 316 km[44]
  • Diameter: 28 in, 20 in[44]
  • Status: Operating[16][50]
  • Start year: 1963[51]
  • Cost:
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:

Uzhgorod-Szazhalombatta oil pipeline

The pipeline runs from Uzhgorod, Ukraine to Szazhalombatta, Hungary.

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  • Operator: MOL Group,[10][11] UkrTransNafta
  • Owner: MOL Group, UkrTransNafta
  • Parent company: MOL Group, Naftogaz
  • Capacity: 7.9 mtpa[44][52]
  • Length: 312 km[44]
  • Diameter: 28 in, 24 in[44]
  • Status: Operating[50]
  • Start year:
  • Cost:
  • Financing:

Sahy-Bucany-Bratislava oil pipeline

The pipeline runs from Sahy to Bratislava, Slovakia.

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  • Operator: Transpetrol AS[48]
  • Owner: Transpetrol AS[48]
  • Parent company: Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic[49]
  • Capacity: 10.4 mtpa[44]
  • Length: 159 km[44]
  • Diameter:
  • Status: Operating[50]
  • Start year: 1962
  • Cost:
  • Financing:

Sahy-Bucany-Litvinov oil pipeline

The pipeline runs from Sahy, Slovakia to Litvinov, Czech Republic.

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  • Operator: Transpetrol AS,[48] MERO[53]
  • Owner: Transpetrol AS,[48] MERO[54]
  • Parent company: Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic,[49] Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic[55]
  • Capacity: 9 mtpa[44]
  • Length: 529 km[44]
  • Diameter: 20 in[44]
  • Status: Operating[50]
  • Start year: 1962
  • Cost:
  • Financing:

Sahy-Szazhalombatta oil pipeline

Also known as Tupa-Danube Refinery Százhalombatta, Sahy-Tokol oil pipeline. In 2014, MOL fully reconstructed this segment. The pipeline runs from Sahy, Slovakia to Szazhalombatta, Hungary.

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  • Operator: MOL Group,[10][11][44] Transpetrol AS[48]
  • Owner: MOL Group,[10][11][44] Transpetrol AS[48]
  • Parent company: MOL Group, Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic[49]
  • Capacity: 6 mtpa[44]
  • Length: 128 km[44]
  • Diameter:
  • Status: Operating
  • Start year: 1962, 2014[44]
  • Cost:
  • Financing:

Background

On 18 December 1958, the 10th session of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon ), held in Prague, adopted a decision and an agreement was signed on construction of a trunk crude oil pipeline from the USSR into Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany (GDR) and Hungary.[9] The construction of the initially proposed 5,327-km long pipeline commenced in 1960.[56] Each country was to supply all necessary construction materials, machinery and equipment. Oil first reached to Czechoslovakia in 1962, to Hungary in September 1963, to Poland in November 1963, and to GDR in December 1963. The whole pipeline was put into operation in October 1964. The first oil pumped through the Druzhba pipeline originated from the oil fields in Tatarstan and Samara (Kuybyshev) Oblast. In the 1970s the Druzhba pipeline system was further enlarged with the construction of geographically parallel lines.[57]

The ORLEN Lietuva in Lithuania and Ventspils oil terminal in Latvia are connected to the main pipeline by the branch pipeline from Unecha junction in Bryansk Oblast. This branch ceased operation in 2002 after Russia had halted crude exports through Latvia, following the construction of its own Baltic export terminal at Primorsk. A new spur line from Unecha, bypassing Belarus to a second Russian Baltic export terminal at Ust-Luga, came into operation in March 2012.[58]

The part of Druzhba pipeline system, which runs via Belarus, is 2,910 km long. The length of the pipeline is 1,490 km in Ukraine, 670 km in Poland, 130 km in Hungary, 332 km in Lithuania, 420 km in Latvia, and around 400 km in Slovakia and in the Czech Republic.[9][59] The pipeline crosses 45 major rivers as well as 200 railways and highways.[56]

Technical features

The pipes for the project were manufactured in the Soviet Union and Poland, while fittings were manufactured in Czechoslovakia. The GDR was responsible for pumps and Hungary provided automation and communication equipment. The construction cost nearly 400 million rubles and comprised of nearly 730,000 tons of pipe.[56] The Druzhba pipeline currently has a capacity of 1.2 to 1.4 million barrels per day. Work is currently underway to increase this in the section between Belarus and Poland. The pipe diameter of the pipeline varies from 420 to 1,020 mm.[57] It uses 20 pumping stations.

Operators

The Russian part of the pipeline is operated by the oil company Transneft through its subsidiary OAO MN Druzhba. The operator is Gomeltransneft Druzhba in Belarus, UkrTransNafta in Ukraine, PERN Przyjazn SA in Poland, Transpetrol AS in Slovakia, Mero in the Czech Republic, and MOL in Hungary.[60]

Parallel disputes on transit fees

For the last several years, Russia and Ukraine have been tied up in transit fee disputes as the major pipelines supplying Europe with Russian oil and gas run through Ukraine. The Russia–Ukraine continuous disputes were primarily based on transit of natural gas. On December 28, 2009, referring to Russia's announcement, Slovakian government said Russia issued warnings that it would stop oil supplies to Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic over a transit fees dispute with Ukraine.[61] However, the next day, Ukraine's Naftogas issued a statement confirming that Russia agreed to a 30 percent increase in the transit fees through Ukraine. The rise in the tariff was from $7.8 to $9.50 (or €6.6) per tonne of oil for transiting Ukraine in 2010 and was implemented due to the decision from the Russians to raise prices. Additionally, unlike previous payments, new payments will be made in Euros at the request of Ukraine. Also Ukraine needs substantial investments to update the network on its territory as the pipeline grows old. Russia and Ukraine also agreed on the volume of oil to be transported through Ukraine. The overall amount of oil to be transported to Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary through Ukraine in 2010 was planned at 15 million tonnes - a decrease from 17.1 million tonnes in 2008.[62]

Contaminated oil and shutdown

In April 2019 the pipeline was shut down after it was found to be transporting contaminated oil.[63] The contaminated oil contained 330 parts per million (ppm) of organic chlorides versus a usual level of 10 ppm.[64] In May 2019 the site of the contamination was found to be the Lopatino metering unit in the Samara region, and four Russians were arrested and charged under articles 158, 210 and 215.2 of the Russian criminal code.[65]

Oil resumed flowing through the pipeline in June 2019, though deliveries to Poland were temporarily halted after an increase in contaminants was detected.[66]

Cancelled expansions

Druzhba-Wilhelmshaven Oil Pipeline

There have been proposals to extend northern branch of the Druzhba Pipeline to the German North Sea port of Wilhelmshaven, which would reduce oil tanker traffic in the Baltic Sea and make it easier to transport Russian oil to the United States. In 2007, German Oil Trading Gmbh (GOT) proposed to build a connection from Unecha to Wilhelmshaven with a possible branch to Polish and German oil refineries. The proposed connection would be 1,800 km long and would have capacity of 25 million tonnes of oil a year, which may be increased to 50 million tonnes. The expected cost of this project is US$2.5-billion.[67]

There have been no development updates and the project is presumed to be cancelled.

The expansion would run from the Druzhb Pipeline near Unecha, Russia to the German North Sea port of Wilhelmshaven.

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  • Owner:
  • Capacity: 25 mtpa[68]
  • Length: 1,800 km
  • Status: Cancelled
  • Start Year:

Druzhba-Adria Pipeline

The Druzhba-Adria Pipeline Integration Project is a proposal to extend the pipeline to pass through Hungary and Croatia to reach the Adriatic Sea at the deep-water port of Omišalj.

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  • Owner:
  • Parent company:
  • Capacity:
  • Length:
  • Status: Cancelled
  • Start year:


The Druzhba-Adria Pipeline Integration Project is a proposal to extend the pipeline to pass through Hungary and Croatia to reach the Adriatic Sea at the deep-water port of Omišalj.

In the first phase, the Croatian portion of the Adria pipeline was reconstructed from the Sisak pumping station to Omišalj harbour. The Croatian company JANAF was responsible for the design of the initial project phase to reverse the phases of the Adria pipeline (which currently carries oil from the port inland) on the Sisak-Omišalj portion.

Photo Credit: Environmental Justice Atlas, http://bit.ly/2xF1idG

The proposal was touted by the Croatian President Stipe Mesić but it also garnered substantial negative press due to complaints from the environmentalist groups such as Eko Kvarner. The pipeline generated street protests and other visible mobilization in opposition to it.[69] Potential environmental impacts of the project include air pollution, biodiversity loss (wildlife, agro-diversity ), fires, food insecurity (crop damage ), loss of landscape/aesthetic degradation, soil contamination, oil spills, deforestation and loss of vegetation cover, surface water pollution / decreasing water (physico-chemical, biological) quality, groundwater pollution or depletion, and large-scale disturbance of hydro and geological systems.[69]

It is also proposed to connect Druzhba-Adria with the planned Pan-European Pipeline.[70]

The project was proposed in 2003 and cancelled in 2005.[71]

Schwechat–Bratislava Oil Pipeline

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  • Owner:
  • Capacity: 2.5–5 mtpa[72]
  • Length: 60 kilometers[72]
  • Status: Cancelled
  • Start year:
  • Cost: US$30 million[73]


Schwechat–Bratislava two-way oil pipeline project was proposed in 2003. It would supply the OMV owned Schwechat Refinery from the Druzhba Pipeline.[60]

There have been no development updates, and the last reporting appears to have been in 2009.[72] It is considered cancelled as of 2013.

Articles and resources

References

  1. ↑ "The List: The Five Top Global Choke Points". Foreign Policy. May 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
  2. ↑ "Europe's Russian oil embargo: significant but not yet". Bruegel | The Brussels-based economic think tank. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  3. ↑ Sibel Morrow (09.08.2022). "Ukraine halts oil transit through Druzhba pipeline". AA Energy. Retrieved Feb 9th, 2023. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ "Ropovod". druzba-en.mero.cz (in cz). Retrieved 2021-08-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ↑ "The Soviet pipeline that keeps Europe hooked on Moscow's oil". Financial Times. Retrieved 2022-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ "Druzhba pipeline". Wikipedia. Retrieved 2022-05-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ "Ropovod". www.mero.cz. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  8. ↑ "Subscribe to read | Financial Times". www.ft.com. Retrieved 2023-02-09. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "The Comecon Pipeline. Background Research". RFE/RL. 1960-09-06. Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2008-01-02. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 "Нефтепровод Куйбышев - Унеча - Мозырь-1 (Дружба-1)". energybase.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 EnergyLand. "«Транснефть – ТСД» закончит реконструкцию магистрального нефтепровода Куйбышев – Унеча – Мозырь-1 в 2022 году". www.energyland.info. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 "General information". www.transoil.by (in русский). Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Об изменениях, которые вносятся в схему территориального планирования Российской Федерации в области федерального транспорта (в части трубопроводного транспорта) от 28 декабря 2017 - docs.cntd.ru". docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "МН «Куйбышев – Унеча – Мозырь-1». Комплексная программа технического перевооружения и реконструкции". geopriz.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Липский, Владимир (2010). "Защита водных объектов при аварийных разливах нефти на нефтепроводах" (PDF). elib.psu.by.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 EnergyLand. "«Транснефть – Дружба» в 2022 году реконструировала порядка 150 км магистральных трубопроводов". www.energyland.info. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Информационный меморандум". emitent.info. 2015. Retrieved 2023-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "«Дружба» врозь: что известно о главном нефтепроводе из России в Европу". Известия (in русский). 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 "Russia starts pumping Kazakh oil to Germany, flows to Poland halted". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 "Exclusive: Kazakhstan will supply 100,000 tonnes of oil via Druzhba to Germany in March - sources". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  21. ↑ Deutsche Presse-Agentur - dpa (2023-01-01). "Germany halts pipeline-oil deliveries coming from Russia". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "General information". www.transoil.by. Retrieved 2023-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ "Реконструкция магистрального нефтепровода «Мозырь-Брест» на участке ЛПДС «Мозырь» - НПО «Туров». Замена нефтепровода DN600, км 60-90» (разработка раздела оценка воздействия на окружающую среду)" (PDF). zhitkovichi.gov.by. 2019. Retrieved 2023-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Беларусь снова предложила поднять тарифы на прокачку по нефтепроводу "Дружба"". Sputnik Belarus. December 15, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 "Crude oil transport - PERN". PERN. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "Przemysł i handel naftowy Oil industry and trade" (PDF). popihn.pl. 2020. Retrieved 2023-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ↑ PSI Energy Oil & Gas (2003). "Control System– MVL GmbH , Schwedt" (PDF). psigasandpipelines.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 16 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 "Die Geschichte des Unternehmens MVL". mvl-schwedt.de. Retrieved 2023-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Mineralölverbundleitung Schwedt – Chemie-Schule". www.chemie-schule.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Die MVL Gesellschafter". mvl-schwedt.de. Retrieved 2023-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 "Technische Details". mvl-schwedt.de. Retrieved 2023-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Unternehmen". www.pck.de (in Deutsch). Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "PCK Oil Refinery". Retrieved 2023-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ↑ "PCK Oil Refinery". nsenergybusiness.com. Retrieved 2023-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ↑ Admin (2022-09-17). "Schwedt refinery threatened with lack of oil: pipeline capacities are not sufficient - News in Germany". News in Germany. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  36. ↑ International Energy Agency (2003). Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Hungary (PDF). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. pp. 67–70. ISBN 92-64-17096-0.
  37. ↑ "Мощность экспортного нефтепровода «Дружба» снижена на треть". Ведомости (in русский). Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  38. ↑ "«Укртранснафта» планирует провести реконструкцию магистрального нефтепровода «Мозырь-Броды»". nefterynok.info. 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ↑ [library.by/portalus/modules/economics/readme.php?subaction=showfull&id=1484499449&archive=&start_from=&ucat=& "НЕФТЕПРОВОД "ДРУЖБА""]. library.by. 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2023-02-24. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ↑ "THE NEVER-ENDING COLLAPSE THE STATE OF THE UKRAINIAN OIL SECTOR" (PDF). OSW. April 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Hungary's MOL requests extra oil supplies via Druzhba amid disruption fears -sources". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 "Історія розвитку трубопровідного транспорту нафти i нафтопродуктів в Україні". oilcity.dp.ua. 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 "Нефтепровод «Дружба», а денежки врозь". http://neftianka.ru/. September 24, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2024. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ↑ 44.00 44.01 44.02 44.03 44.04 44.05 44.06 44.07 44.08 44.09 44.10 44.11 44.12 44.13 44.14 44.15 44.16 "MOL's role in crude oil supply security in CEE region" (PDF). 2015. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Russia's Transneft says Druzhba pipeline oil flows resume after suspension - TASS". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Russian crude exports resume via Druzhba pipeline after rocket briefly halts flows". Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Тариф на прокачку нефти по МНП Дружба на территории Украины с 1 января 2023 г. повысится на 18,3%". neftegaz.ru. December 27, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 "Oil network in the Slovak Republic". transpetrol.sk. Retrieved 2023-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 "Shareholder structure and bodies of the company". transpetrol.sk. Retrieved 2023-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Petit Press a.s. "Diesel hike warnings after EU oil ban". spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  51. ↑ "Druzhba Pipeline — Pipelines International — The international pipeline magazine". web.archive.org. Retrieved 2023-02-09. {{cite web}}: horizontal tab character in |title= at position 21 (help)
  52. ↑ "Szénhidrogénipari technológia" (PDF). kkft.bme.hu. 2020. Retrieved 2023-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ↑ "Oil flows through Druzhba to Czech Republic resume - pipeline operator". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  54. ↑ "Czech Republic Oil Security Policy – Analysis - IEA". IEA. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  55. ↑ Pixel Ink GmbH. "Mero Germany: Introducing Our Company". www.mero-germany.de. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 "Druzhba Pipeline". Pipelines International. 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "История" (in Russian). Transneft. Retrieved 2016-12-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  58. ↑ "The Giant Soviet Pipeline System That's Full of Tainted Crude". gcaptain.com. April 26, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  59. ↑ Anatoly Dozhin (2002-12-05). "Druzhba never gets old". Rossijskaya Gazeta. Transneft. Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2007-12-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (help)
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Issues surrounding the privatisation of the petrochemical industry in the V4 countries". Visegrad.info. 2003-10-01. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  61. ↑ "Russia warns of oil supply cut-off through Ukraine, says Slovakia". France 24. 2009-12-28. Archived from the original on 2010-01-01. Retrieved 2009-12-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  62. ↑ "Russia agrees to higher oil transit fees with Ukraine's Naftogaz". France 24. 2009-12-28. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2009-12-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  63. ↑ Russia resumes oil flows via Druzhba pipeline in full after contamination: RIA, Reuters, Jul. 1, 2019
  64. ↑ [1], 112 UA, May 8, 2019
  65. ↑ Four people arrested in case of contamination of oil in Druzhba pipeline, Tass, May 7, 2019
  66. ↑ Transneft reports new Druzhba oil pipeline contamination discovery, S&P Platts Global, Jun. 20, 2019
  67. ↑ "German Investors Propose Building Unecha-Wilhelmshaven Oil Pipeline". Interfax. 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  68. ↑ "Druzhba Pipeline". LinkedIn. June 22, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Druzhba Adria Oil Pipeline, Croatia Environmental Justice Atlas, accessed October 2017
  70. ↑ "Zagreb floats new pipe plan". Upstream (newspaper). NHST Media Group. 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2008-05-31. {{cite news}}: Text "Upstream Online" ignored (help)
  71. ↑ "Druzhba Adria Oil Pipeline, Croatia". Environmental Justice Atlas. Sept. 4, 2014. Retrieved Feb. 7, 2020. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 "OMV Urges Rapid Construction Of Bratislava-Schwechat Oil Pipeline". NS Energy Business. Retrieved 2022-05-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  73. ↑ "OMV Transpetrol to construct Slovakia-Austria oil pipeline". Retrieved 2022-05-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Related GEM.wiki articles

Existing Pipelines in Russia

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