Port of Tianjin
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The Port of Tianjin, formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing. The port is often identified as Tianjin Xingang, which strictly speaking refers only to its seaport area.
The port includes the Shenhua Tianjin Coal Terminal and Tianjin Port Huaneng Coal Terminal in the Nanjiang Port Area.
Location
The port is located on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, in the estuary of the Haihe River, 170km south east of Beijing and 60km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China,[1] and perhaps the largest in the world (depending on definition). It covers 107 square kilometers of land, with a total quay shoreline of over 21.5 km and 101 production berths in 2009. Below map shows the location of Tianjin Port Shenhua Coal Terminal.
Below map shows the location of Tianjin Port Huaneng Coal Terminal.
Background
Tianjin Port handled 413 million tons of cargo and 10.1 million TEU of containers in 2010,[2] making it the fourth largest port by throughput tonnage in the planet, and the eleventh in container throughput. This makes it the third largest port in China, behind the merged Ningbo Port and the Port of Shanghai, and sixth in container throughput.[3] The port trades with more than 400 ports in 180 countries and territories around the world. It is served by over 115 regular container lines.[4] run by 60 liner companies, including all the top 20 liners. Capacity is increasing at a high rate, with 550-600Mt of throughput capacity expected by 2015.
The port is part of the Binhai New Area district of Tianjin Municipality, the main Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China of Northern China, and it lies directly east of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area. The Port of Tianjin is at the core of the ambitious development program of the Binhai New Area, and due to this developmental storm, change occurs at such an accelerated pace that information can become outdated in months.
Location
The Port of Tianjin is located in the coast of Tianjin Municipality, in the former county of Tanggu, on the coast between the estuaries of the Haihe to the south and the Yongding River to the north. To the west, the Port borders the city of Tanggu (now the Urban Core of the Binhai New Area) and the TEDA. To the east, the port opens up to the Bohai Bay.
The littoral area of Tianjin is dominated by coastal shallows, mud shoals and salt pans. These features make deep water navigation dependent on extensive dredging, but it also means that land reclamation is an obvious solution to the problem of siting construction. Tianjin Port is thus largely man-made through large-scale dredging and reclamation.
The Bohai Bay is one of the three bays that compose the Bohai Sea. The Bohai Sea is a fairly shallow (average depth 18m), semi-enclosed water body, with relatively poor flow into the Yellow Sea. It is also the drainage point of the Yellow River and the Haihe, two of the largest (and muddiest) river systems in China. This results in very high levels of silt, and in present times, pollution.
Port commerce and coal
One of the major cargoes handled and stored in the Port of Tianjin is coal. There are specialized berths in the Port of Tianjin are devoted to handling coal exports and imports. The Port of Tianjin's Coal Terminal has capacity for 89 million tons of coal throughputs annually. The Port of Tianjin's Container Yard covers over 350 hectares and can handle 8.3 million tons of containerized cargo at any given time. The Port of Tianjin Coal Terminal Company has a yard of 300 thousand square meters with capacity to store more than 1.7 million tons. The Port of Tianjin contains a total of 280 hectares of yards for bulk cargoes, and it can store up to 5.1 million tons of bulk at one time. The Port of Tianjin Shenhua Terminal Company offers 430 thousand square meters of yards with capacity for one-time storage of over 1.4 million tons of cargo.[5]
The Tianjin municipal government, in partnership with the Port of Tianjin, has undertaken efforts to speed port development, improve port functions, and develop additional facilities. According to World Port Source, these efforts include the construction of a new logistics center in southern Xinjiang, a new bulk container logistics center, and several smaller goods distribution centers. During the five-year planning period from 2006 to 2010, the Port of Tianjin invested 45 billion yuan to expand the port and improve port services.[5]
The first phase of the new developments increased the Port of Tianjin's handling capacity. The Port of Tianjin built 300-thousand ton crude oil terminals, and add specialized ore terminals and a second coal terminal. It also expanded the grocery terminal and finished work on the international cruise terminal by 2010. The goal was to achieve capacity for 400 million tons of cargo and handling capacity for containers to 10 million TEUs.[5]
According to World Port Source, the priority projects for the port included:
- Construction of a second 300-thousand ton crude oil terminal in the southern border area that can accommodate 440-thousand ton tankers at a 484-meter long pier.
- Construction of a specialized ore terminal with 440-meter-long berths that can accommodate 300-thousand-ton bulk carriers and can handle 23 million tons of cargo per year.
- Completion of Phase 2 of the Shenhua Tianjin Coal Terminal to include 900 meters of quays with 100-thousand-, 70-thousand-, and 50-thousand-ton berths that can handle 35 million tons of coal per year.[5]
Pollution
- Haze: Like other regions in the North China Plain, Tianjin Port is prone to pollution haze. This haze can be a navigational problem when combined with foggy conditions.[6]
- Water: The waters of the Bohai Sea are some of the most heavily polluted in the world. Bohai Bay receives the discharges of the Yellow River and the Haihe, while the neighboring Liaodong Bay receives the Liaohe. In essence, the sea is the drainage ditch of all of the North China Plain and part of the Northeast (Manchuria) industrial areas. Combined with the shallowness of the waters and the relatively poor exchange into the Yellow Sea (it can take 40 to 200 years for complete water turnaround[7]), it results in alarming concentrations of pollutants. The polluted area of Bohai Sea extended to 13,810 km2 (18 percent of the total area) in 2009,[8] despite repeated attempts to control pollution by regulating discharge into the rivers of the Haihe basin.
- Biological pollution: Red tides have become progressively more common in the last decade. Invasive species transference due to ballast water is another major concern: the Bohai Sea was ranked as one of the must at-risk areas in the world by the International Maritime Organization ballast water project.
Port Layout and Facilities
The port is divided into five main port areas:[9] Beijiang, Nanjiang, Haihe, Dongjiang, Beitang. Directly across the estuary of the Haihe River, just south of the Nanjiang Port Area, the still under construction Tianjin Lingang Industrial Area also has a number of wharves and berths. This area is planned to become the Dagukou Port Area once completed.
Beijiang Port Area
The Beijiang Port Area includes the original areas of the Tanggu New Port, plus new facilities built on reclaimed land. It covers approximately 36.8km2, has 18.9km of coastline, and contains mostly container and general cargo terminals. It is also the main service and administration area of the port, including the Container Logistics Center, the Tianjin Port Trade and Shipping Service Area, and the Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone.
Nanjiang Port Area
The Nanjiang Port Area lies on an artificial island 16km long (east to west) for 1.3–2km wide (north to south), with an area of approximately 26km2. Shoreline is 14.2km long on the north side (opening to the Main Channel), and 12km on the south side (opening to the Dagusha Channel). This port area contains the bulk cargo terminals, in particular the various oil and coal terminals, as well as ore, liquid bulk, dry bulk, etc.
Dongjiang Port Area
Dongjiang Port Area lies on an artificial peninsula 10km long and 3km wide to the northeast of the main basin, and has an approximate area of 33km2. This is the newest part of the Port, and is still in development. It includes a new container terminal, a regional logistics center, and has a 10sq km bonded port area.
The Dongjiang Port Area is being developed into a comprehensive complex with three parallel zones: the terminal area; a logistic processing zone associated with the bonded port area; and a comprehensive service zone which will include office space, residential space, and leisure facilities.
The leisure area will be centered on the cruiser terminal and yachting piers, and around an artificial beach (the Dongjiang Bay Scenic Area)
Haihe Port Area
The Haihe Port Area operates all riverine docks from the Xingang Shipping Lock up to the Haihe Second Tidal Barrier, a distance of 39.5 km. Once the core of the Tanggu port, the lower Haihe river area has seen diminishing number of wharves as riverfront real estate is reassigned for development. In 2003, the Haihe Port Area had 7,100m of quayside, 83 berths, 56 production berths dealing with all sorts of cargo including containers.[10] The start of the work on the new Tanggu CBD meant the demolition of most facilities in the Xiangguowan, Yujiapu and Lanjingdao peninsulas, including the large Third Stevedoring Company terminal in Gongzhuangzi, which closed in 2009.
Nevertheless, industrial expansion further up the river will likely lead to some recovery in the number of available berths. There are plans for expansion, however, with the development of new industrial areas further upriver. Current plans call for six different production areas, with an area of 9.7km2, a quayside length of 21km, and a total of 70 berths of 5,000-3,000DWT capacity, for a total throughput of 2,42 million tons.[11]
Beitang Port Area
The Beitang Port Area at present only contains a very small (2.4ha) barge wharf on the estuary of the New Yongding River with minimal capabilities. However, this port area is expected to be expanded to serve the development of the Binhai Tourism Area. There are two wharves planned, 230m and 150m in length, to serve general cargo and passenger ships. The Beitang Fishing Harbor is directly north in the mouth of the river.
Dagukou Port Area
The 'Tianjin Lingang Harbor Industrial Zone, directly across the mouth of the Haihe River, south of the Nanjiang Port Area has fast-growing port capabilities, and it will become the sixth port area when completed the Dagukou Port Area, with an expected capacity of 100 Mt per year. At present. The Lingang Area hosts the Shipbuilding cluster, including the large Shipbuilding base currently going online in stages.
Shipping Channel and Fairway
The Tianjin Xingang Fairway is divided into the Main Shipping Channel, the Chuanzhadong Channel, the Northern Branch Channel and the Dagusha Channel. The Haihe river fairway is treated separately.
概况
天津港地处渤海湾西端，位于天津市海河入海口和天津市滨海新区的沿海岸线，是在淤泥质浅滩上挖海建港、吹填造陆建成的、世界上等级最高的人工深水港。主航道水深达21米。25万吨级船舶可自由进出港，30万吨级船舶可乘潮进出港。
天津港是中国北方最大的综合性港口和重要的对外贸易口岸。截至2017年5月，共拥有各类泊位173个，其中万吨级以上泊位119个。2016年，天津港完成吞吐量5.5亿吨，排名世界第5位；集装箱吞吐量1450万TEU，排名世界第10位。以貨物总吞吐量計算，天津港是中国第三大港口。天津港由北疆、东疆、南疆、大沽口、高沙岭、大港、北塘和海河等8个港区组成。煤炭主要在南疆港区集疏港。[12]
天津港（集团）有限公司是天津港的运营者和建设方；天津港的土地规划和管理归天津市政府所有。天津市交通运输委员会是天津港的行政主管部门。
天津港现有煤炭运输能力主要集中在天津老港、神华天津南疆码头以及天津焦炭码头。
天津老港，由中煤华能煤码头有限公司运营，位于天津南疆港区，设计运输能力为4300万吨/年，拥有4个煤炭专用泊位，设计堆存能力300万吨。主要通过汽运集港，部分通过铁路运输。
神华天津南疆码头隶属神华集团，位于天津南疆港区，与中煤华能煤码头毗邻。设计运输能力为4500万吨/年，拥有3个煤炭专用泊位，堆场设计存煤能力为145万吨。主要外运神华煤炭，部分来自内蒙西部地区和晋北地区。与其配套的集港铁路为朔黄线和黄万线。[13] 神华天津南疆码头是神华集团在北方的第二个煤炭下水港口。
天津港焦炭码头有限公司是天津港股份有限公司的全资子公司，于1999年12月29日投入运营。专业从事天津港焦炭、煤炭散货港口装卸运输业务，年货物吞吐能力达1800万吨以上。现有两个泊位，其中南五泊位为非金属矿石泊位，泊位等级为10万吨级；南六泊位为焦炭专业化泊位，泊位等级为7万吨级。堆场面积52万平方米。
天津港煤炭资源主要来自内蒙、陕西等地，下水煤炭主要流向浙能、国电、深能源、上电、广州恒运、华电等电力企业，部分流向水泥、建材、化工企业。
历史
天津港口的历史最早可以追溯至公元前后的汉代，至公元7世纪的唐代开始发展形成为海港。1271年，元朝正式定都北京，天津地处南北运河交接之地，又是海运登陆和转运地点，便成为漕运和仓储的中心而逐步繁盛。13至15世纪的明代，京杭大运河航运畅通，天津地区的港口承担南粮北上中转的职能，商业和城市空前繁荣。
1860年10月24日，清政府与英国签订《北京条约》，增开天津为商埠。天津港继而由中国的内贸港转为开放港。1939年，日本占领军为将华北物资运送回国，决定在海河河口以北的滨海建造一个新海港，即塘沽新港，年吞吐量2,700万吨，全部工程拟于1947年竣工。至1945年日本投降时完成计划不及一半。
1949年5月15日，华北人民政府批准塘沽新港开始进行恢复性建设工程，投资20,911,170公斤小米。1951年8月24日，塘沽新港开始续建。1952年10月17日，第一艘万吨巨轮“长春号”驶靠新港码头，标志着天津港正式由河港转型为海港。1952年港口吞吐量完成74万吨。
1958年，新港二期工程、天津港第三码头开始修建，并于1961年竣工，新建5个泊位。1959年，天津港开始第二次港口扩建工程，新建了6个泊位。至1966年，全港泊位数增加至18个，其中万吨级以上泊位5个，使天津港具备了全天候接卸万吨巨轮的能力。
1971年以后，随着中国在联合国席位恢复，以及此后在对美、日等国的外交上取得突破，中国海上外贸货运量快速增长。1973年4月13日天津港第三期大规模扩建工程正式开工。来自甘肃、陕西、河北、山东、湖北、湖南、北京等省市几十个施工单位的2万多人参加了此次天津港扩建工程，到1976年，天津港先后完成25个泊位的主体工程，其中万吨级以上泊位14个。1980年4月1日，天津港建成并投用中国第一个集装箱港口泊位，成为中国北方集装箱运输的主枢纽港。[14]
天津港的煤炭运输始于1986年，到1990年，天津港的煤炭吞吐量已经超过了1000万吨。以铁路运输为主。
1999年12月，天津港焦炭码头投入运营，是中国第一个专业化的焦炭集运码头。[15]
1993年天津港成立“南疆煤码头工程建设领导小组”，筹建煤炭码头的工作拉开帷幕。2000年11月，天津港煤码头公司公司注册成立。2001年11月，一期工程竣工投产。2007年9月14日，天津港股份有限公司与中煤公司、华能公司共同完成对煤码头公司的合资改制重新整合工作，公司正式定名为“天津港中煤华能煤码头有限公司”。[16]
2004年6月，由中国神华能源公司和天津港(集团)有限公司共同投资神华天津港煤炭码头动工修建，2006年年底开始试运行，2007年9月正式投产。[17]
2015年8月12日23:30左右，天津港东疆港区瑞海国际物流有限公司所属危险品仓库发生爆炸。这次事故被定性为特别重大生产安全责任事故，共造成165人死亡，8人失踪，直接经济损失700亿元人民币。[18] [19] [20]
现状
2014和2015年，天津港分别完成煤炭吞吐量7837万吨、9459万吨。2016年煤炭吞吐量达到1.097亿吨，同比增长1511万吨，创历史最高纪录。其中汽运煤下水量为5600万吨，占其煤炭吞吐总量的51.04%，占环渤海6港口“汽运煤”集港总量的77.7%。[21] 2017年，天津港煤炭吞吐量计划为1.2亿吨，其中，中煤华能煤码头计划完成4200万吨，神华煤码头计划4200万吨，焦炭码头公司计划1600万吨，远航码头公司计划300万吨，其余由集团公司下属其他煤炭公司完成。然而2017年年初出台的一项政策，使得这一计划很难实现。2017年2月，环保部联合三部委和北京、天津等“2+26”城市印发《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》（《方案》），提出：7月底前，天津港不再接收柴油货车运输的集港煤炭；9月底前，天津、河北及环渤海所有集港煤炭主要由铁路运输，禁止环渤海港口接收柴油货车运输的集港煤炭。
相对于铁路运煤进港装船，用重型卡车运煤进港的模式，在业内被称为“汽运煤”。相比铁路运输煤炭，汽运煤会导致更大环境污染和道路安全隐患。大型运煤车辆过境运输是影响京津冀地区空气质量的重要污染源之一。根据天津市最新的PM2.5源解析结果，机动车污染贡献已由2013年的16%上升至22%。[22]
2017年4月12日，天津市环保部门决定将天津港禁止“汽运煤”的时间提前到4月底。5月起，天津港正式停止“汽运煤”进港。每年可减少重卡运次400万次，减少柴油消耗80余万吨。[23] [24] 2017年1至7月，天津港实现煤炭吞吐量5340万吨，同比减少1470万吨。[25] 有分析人士预计，无铁路专线支持的天津老港煤炭吞吐量会继续下滑；而天津神华煤码头依靠铁路专线运输，吞吐量会保持增长，有望达到4500万吨的设计能力。2017年天津港（含老港和神华煤码头）煤炭吞吐量会保持在7000-8000万吨，同比2016年出现一定幅度的回落。[26] 预计2018年后，随着天津港进港铁路线工程的陆续完工，天津港煤炭吞吐量将有所增加。[27]
扩建规划
天津港准备在南疆港区建设神华煤炭码头二期工程，规划建设3个煤炭专用泊位，设计运输能力为3500万吨/年。二期工程和一期毗邻，连接黄万线。该工程已于2012年获国家发改委批复核准，但目前尚未开工建设。[28]
受汽运煤限制影响，天津港中煤华能煤炭码头有限公司与天津港焦炭码头有限公司的未来出现不确定性。有分析认为，天津港散货码头有整合预期。最终，天津港将保留一家煤炭码头、一家件杂货码头、一个矿石码头，举全港之力发展集装箱。[29] [30]
Articles and resources
References
- ↑ http://www.ptacn.com
- ↑ http://www.tjsupco.cn/newEbiz1/EbizPortalFG/portal/html/InfoContent.html?InfoContent150_action=show&InfoPublish_InfoID=c373e92b8eff36698f7a92d9713ca9aa
- ↑ http://www.temasekreview.com/2011/03/09/shanghai-dethrones-singapore-but-ningbo-stays-on-top-in-cargo/
- ↑ http://news.xd56b.com/shtml/xdwlb/20110104/173279.shtml
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Port of Tianjin" World Port Source, accessed July 21, 2011.
- ↑ http://www.ptacn.com/News1View.asp?ID=1354&SortID=88
- ↑ http://www.emecs.or.jp/guidebook/eng/pdf/09bohai.pdf
- ↑ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2009-02/27/content_7518787.htm
- ↑ http://www.tj56.com/gangZh/gangZh.htm
- ↑ http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical_zggk200308020.aspx
- ↑ http://www.eiafans.com/x-space/html/53/t-36353.html
- ↑ "天津港概况"Tianjin Port Group Co., Ltd.
- ↑ "黄万铁路10月8日开通运行" China Shenhua,
- ↑ "天津港"维基百科
- ↑ "天津港焦炭码头有限公司"Tianjin Port Holdings Co., Ltd.
- ↑ "天津港中煤华能煤码头有限公司"Tianjin Port Holdings Co., Ltd.
- ↑ "天津港神华煤炭码头投产 年通过能力达3500万吨"新华网, 2007-09-27
- ↑ "Tianjin explosion: China sets final death toll at 173, ending search for survivors"The Guardian, Sep. 12, 2015
- ↑ "Tianjin Explosions Were Result of Mismanagement, China Finds"New York Times, FEB. 5, 2016
- ↑ "天津港爆炸事故调查报告公布"Xinhua News Agency, 2016-02-06
- ↑ "天津港煤炭吞吐首过亿吨 汽运煤集港优势明显"中国水运报, 2017-01-12
- ↑ "天津港散货煤炭全部实现铁路进港"新华社, 2017-5-12
- ↑ "天津港“汽运煤炭”历史终结"中国环境报, 2017-7-12
- ↑ "“汽运煤”退场与沿海煤运"航运交易公报, 2017-6-15
- ↑ "汽运煤叫停后 天津港煤炭业务还有戏吗？"鄂尔多斯煤炭网, 2017-08-31
- ↑ "铁路运煤压力增加 天津港吞吐量下滑"中国能源报, 2017-8-28
- ↑ "天津港联手阳煤集团对接港口煤炭运输方式调整"新华社, 2017-5-13
- ↑ "中国神华天津神华煤码头二期工程项目获核准"证券时报, 2012-5-28
- ↑ "天津港集团下属码头将洗牌重组"港口圈, 2017-5-22
- ↑ "京津冀港口竞合难题怎解"锦程物流网, 2015/12/16
Related GEM.wiki articles
External resources
External links
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