Trans-Adriatic Gas Pipeline

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Trans-Adriatic Gas Pipeline (TAP) is a gas pipeline running from Greece's border with Turkey to Italy, via Albania and the Adriatic Sea. The pipeline is part of the Southern Gas Corridor, along with South Caucasus and Trans-Anatolian gas pipelines.[1] The route links Europe to a new gas source in the Caspian (Shah Deniz II).[2]

Location

The Trans Adriatic Pipeline runs for approximately 478km in Greece, 204km in Albania, 105km offshore in the Adriatic Sea and eight kilometers in Italy. The Italian section runs for 45km offshore as well. The pipeline connects with the Trans-Anatolian Gas Pipeline (TANAP) near the Turkish-Greek border at Kipoi and the TAP Interconnection Gas Pipeline in southern Italy.[3][4]

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Project details

  • Owner: BP (20%), SOCAR (20%), Snam Rete Gas S.p.A. (20%), Fluxys (19%), Enagás (16%), and Axpo Trading (5%)[5]
  • Capacity: 10 billion cubic meters per year
  • Length: 878 kilometers / 545 miles[6]
  • Status: Operating[6]
  • Diameter:
    • Main onshore section: 1,200 mm / 47 inches[7]
    • Offshore section: 900 mm / 35 inches[7]
  • Cost: €4.5 billion (US$5.46 billion), estimated[8]
  • Financing:
    • Debt financing: €3.765 billion (US$4.58 billion) from the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and 17 commercial banks[9]
    • Equity financing: €1.255 billion (US$1.53 billion) from BP, SOCAR, Snam S.p.A., Fluxys, Enagás, Axpo Trading, and the Government of Azerbaijan[10]
    • EU grant: €14.3 million (US$15.9 million) from the EU's Connecting Europe Facility[11]
  • Start Year: 2020[11]
  • Associated Projects: Trans-Anatolian Gas Pipeline, TAP Interconnection Gas Pipeline

Background

The Trans Adriatic Pipeline project was announced in 2003 by Swiss energy company EGL Group (now named Axpo). The feasibility study was concluded in March 2006. Two options were investigated: a northern route through Bulgaria, the North Macedonia and Albania, and a southern route through Greece and Albania, which finally was considered to be more feasible. In March 2007, the extended basic engineering for the pipeline was completed.[12] Greece was opposed to having the route of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline pass through Albania, as it would allow Albania to become the transmission hub for gas in the Western Balkans.[13]

On 13 February 2008, EGL Group and the Norwegian energy company Statoil signed an agreement to set up Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG, a joint venture to develop, build and operate the pipeline.[14] In June 2008, the project company filed an application with the Greek authorities to build a section of the pipeline from Thessaloniki to the Greek-Albanian border.[15]

In January 2009, the TAP project carried out a marine survey in the Adriatic Sea to verify the offshore route for the future gas pipeline.[16] A route assessment survey in Albania started in July 2009.[17] In March 2009, an intergovernmental agreement between Italy and Albania on energy cooperation mentioned TAP as a project of common interest for both countries. In January 2010, TAP opened country offices in Greece, Albania and Italy.[18] In March 2010, TAP submitted an application to Italian authorities for inclusion into the Italian gas network.[19]

On 20 May 2010, it was announced that E.ON becomes a partner in the project.[20] The deal was successfully closed on 7 July 2010.[21]

In November 2010, TAP started a route refinement survey in northern Greece in preparation for the environmental impact assessment.[22] On 7 September 2011, the Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG (TAP AG) submitted its EU Third Party Access Exemption applications in all three host countries. Exemption will allow TAP AG to enter into long term ship-or-pay gas transportation agreements with the shippers of Shah Deniz II gas.[23][24]

The exemptions were granted on 16 May 2013.[25][26]

In February 2012, the Trans Adriatic Pipeline was the first project to be pre-selected and to enter exclusive negotiations with the Shah Deniz Consortium.[27]

In August 2012, consortium partners BP, SOCAR and Total S.A. signed a funding agreement with TAP's shareholders, including an option to take up to 50% equity in the project.[28]

On 28 September 2012, Albania, Greece and Italy confirmed their political support for the pipeline by signing a memorandum of understanding.[29]

On 22 November 2012, the TAP consortium and Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline's partners signed a memorandum of understanding that establishes a cooperation framework between the two parties.[30]

In February 2013, Greece, Italy and Albania signed an intergovernmental agreement.[31]

In June 2013, the project was chosen as a route for gas from Shah Deniz II over the competing Nabucco West project.[32] Later in 2013, BP, SOCAR, Total, and Fluxys became shareholders of the project.[33]

In December 2015, Snam joined TAP, acquiring Statoil’s 20% interest in the project.[34]

In 2017, the project's general manager estimated the total project cost to be €4.5 billion (about US$5 billion)[35], which is also the same cost estimate that the project promoters submitted to the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG), an industry group, for their Ten Year Network Development Plan 2020.[36]

As of December 2017, the pipeline was reported to be 50% complete and on track for completion by 2020. However, local and regional resistance, coupled with protests and legal challenges, may slow down the completion of the pipeline or even cause the project to relocate the route of the pipeline. [37]

The Institute of Energy for South-East Europe noted that in October 2019 the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) was under construction and about 91% complete.[38]

In May 2020, a construction worker died while preparing the construction work for the Snam gas pipeline interconnection between TAP and the Italian gas transportation network in Lecce.[39]

In June 2020, the TAP consortium announced that construction of the 105 kilometre offshore segment of the pipeline across the Adriatic from Albania to Italy had been completed.[40] That same month, the company said it was beginning its initial stage of testing.[41]

At the end of August 2020, the project was reportedly 97.9% complete[42] and the company is confident of delivering the first Azerbaijani gas into Italy in October 2020.[43][5] Enagás also claimed that the pipeline was on track to start up commercial operations by year-end 2020. However, at the same time, TAP has asked for and received from Italy's regulator the possibility of postponing first delivery of gas until December 2021, principally due to the potential risk of COVID-19 related construction delays.[43]

Offshore Magazine reported on November 17, 2020 that TAP's "commercial operations have started."[6] On December 31, 2020, SOCAR and Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG announced that Caspian gas transported by TAP had begun flowing into Italy, Greece and Bulgaria.[44][45]

In December 2020, Reuters reported the developers of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline had started feasibility studies on blending hydrogen with gas in the pipeline.[46]

In March 2022, in response to EU proposals to end imports of Russian gas by 2030 or earlier, senior management at the TAP Company said the pipeline was operating at its full 10 bcm/y capacity and could "add further capacity via short-term auctions." Longer term, Marija Savova, TAP Head of Commercial commented: "TAP can double its capacity and expand in stages, up to 20 bcm within 45-65 months, as a result of requests to be received during the binding phase of a market test and the accumulated requests resulting in an economically viable outcome ... The next binding phase is currently scheduled for July 2023. However, TAP can accelerate this timeline and launch the binding phase of the market test during 2022, provided that TAP receives interest for an earlier start in the ongoing public consultation."[47]

Technical Details

At its highest point the pipeline rises to 1,800m in Albania, and reaches its lowest point at 810m in the Adriatic Sea. The proposed route is the shortest possible route in the Southern Gas Corridor.[2] The 870 kilometer transnational pipeline connects to the Italian gas network in Southern Italy and will transport up to 10 billion cubic meters of gas per year. The project also has a provision which will allow for a possible future expansion that would increase the capacity to 20 billion cubic meters of gas per year.

TAP is part of the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) development, linking the Shah Deniz 2 gas field in Azerbaijan to Turkey and Europe and also provides a link to the Trans Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) near the Turkish-Greek border at Kipoi. The corridor could also be used in the future to deliver gas from the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Eastern Mediterranean. TAP is a key piece in the SGC which ultimately seeks to decrease the EU's dependence on Russian gas.[48]

The onshore section of the pipeline will be built with pipes of 48in diameter. The offshore section will have a diameter of 36in.[2]

TAP has two compressors, one in Greece and the other on the Albanian coast. A pipeline receiving terminal (PRT) and a combined pressure reduction, metering and pigging station will be built in the province of Lecce. It will be linked to the Italian grid.[2]

Financing

TAP is one of the European Commission's 'Projects of Common Interest' (PCI), making it eligible for public funding. As a result it was granted €14.3 million (US$15.9 million) of public funding. According to the European Commission, "TAP Pipeline: new onshore and offshore pipeline between Greece/Turkey and Italy with a total length of approx. 878 km (773 km onshore and 105 km offshore). Connecting with TANAP at the Greek-Turkish border, TAP will cross Northern Greece, Albania and the Adriatic Sea before reaching Southern Italy, where it connects to the Italian gas network. The initial capacity is 10 bcm/y. The power of the compressor station(s) is 90 MW.For the interconnection of TAP with the Greek transmission system a metering and Regulating station (capacity of 142 GWh/d) will be built in Nea Messimvria. Furthermore, a compressor station (27 MW) will be built in Nea Messimvria in order to enable flow from the Greek system to TAP. Commissioning of the last part of the PCI project enabling the Greek gas transmission system to inject gas to TAP will be commissioned in 2024."[11]

Despite persistent protests in the different countries set to host the pipeline, financial close for TAP was reached in December 2018 with an overall finance package of €3.765 billion secured from the European Investment Bank (EIB), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the export credit agencies Bpifrance, Euler Hermes (Germany) and SACE (Italy), and 17 banks: Bank of China, BNP Paribas, Caixa Bank, Crédit Agricole, Helaba, ING, Intesa Sanpaulo, Korea Development Bank, Mizuho, MUFG, Natixis, Siemens Bank, Société Générale, Standard Chartered, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, UBI Banca and UniCredit.[9]

The lending breakdown is:

  • EIB: €700 million loan
  • EBRD: €500 million 'A loan' provided by the bank on its own account; €500 million 'B loan' syndicated to 16 commercial banks
  • €2.065 billion in loans from a syndicate of commercial banks: Bank of China, BNP Paribas, Caixa Bank, Crédit Agricole, Helaba, ING, Intesa Sanpaulo, Korea Development Bank, Mizuho, MUFG, Natixis, Siemens Bank, Société Générale, Standard Chartered, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, UBI Banca and UniCredit. The export credit agencies Bpifrance (€450 million), Euler Hermes (€280 million) and SACE (€700 million) provided lending cover for some of these commercial bank loans.[9]


The project promoters BP, SOCAR, Snam S.p.A., Fluxys, Enagás, Axpo Trading plus the Government of Azerbaijan made a combined equity investment for the project of €1.255 billion[10]

European Ombudsman investigation into the EIB's financing for TAP and TANAP

Following a complaint lodged by the environmental NGOs CEE Bankwatch Network, Counter Balance, Re:Common and Friends of the Earth Europe,[49] in December 2020 the European Union's Ombudsman opened an investigation into the EIB's financing in 2018 of both TAP and the related Trans-Anatolian Gas Pipeline (TANAP). At issue is why the EIB agreed to provide major loans for both pipelines without appropriate assessment of their climate impact. The EIB's carbon footprint assessment of TAP projected 2.5 times fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the figure in the environmental and social impact assessment which was submitted by the consortium building the pipeline. In the case of TANAP, the EIB's estimate was 3.5 times lower than that in the project's environmental and social impact assessment. The NGOs' complaint to the Ombudsman, who investigates alleged maladministration by EU agencies such as the EIB, maintains that the EIB's approval of finance for the two projects constitutes a failure of the bank to uphold its own standards concerning the climate impacts of the projects it considers for financial support.[50]

Opposition

In Italy

While it has been reported that the project is anywhere between 50% and 66% of the way complete, work on the project’s Italian section has stalled and is behind schedule due to opposition from both residents in the town of Melendugno and local and regional authorities. Construction work is moving forward both in Albania, even though there is widespread dissatisfaction among stakeholders owing to a flawed compensation and land acquisition process conducted by the TAP company. Construction is also progressing in Greece, despite protests and resistance from communities and farmers in the north-east of the country related to the pipeline’s routing through both highly fertile agricultural land and seismic areas close to residences.[51]

Melendugno in the region of Puglia in Southern Italy has been the site of continuous protests against the pipeline. The town of Melendungno was reportedly put on lock-down by Italian authorities using a Mussolini-era law, ordinance Decreto Regio (Royal Decree) No 773, which dates back to 1931. This ordinance put in effect by the central government's military police effectively put the territory surrounding TAP construction site on lock-down and under the full discretion of the police.[52]

The specific area of confrontation – between local residents, officials, and activists on one side, and the police and the central government on the other – was sparked by the uprooting of thousands of centuries-old olive trees to make way for the pipeline. During the lock-down, laborers found it difficult to enter the site for planting while residents also complained of property destruction. Up to this point, protesters had been generally successful in staving off the progress of the pipeline construction, delaying the project and frustrating the consortium of companies involved in the development of the project.[52]

Court case against TAP

In December 2019, the public prosecutor Valeria Farina Valaori issued a court summons accusing the Trans Adriatic Pipeline and 18 managers of the company and its contractors of operating with invalid environmental permits and an invalid authorisation from the Italian government during construction work in the period November 2016 to July 2019. Both permits, according to the prosecutor, were delivered without taking into account the 'cumulative impact' of the project, and are therefore in breach of Italian and European legislation. The TAP company is also accused of allegedly failing to waterproof various construction sites, as well as the discharging of industrial wastewater which could have led to contamination of water sources by dangerous substances, including hexavalent chromium. The first trial hearing was held in Lecce in September 2020.[53]

Further stages of the TAP company trial have been postponed since November 2020, but are set to recommence on April 9, 2021. At the same time, trials involving hundreds of people from the town of Melendugno have been moving forward. Inhabitants who resisted the pipeline's construction in 2017 and 2018 face potential imprisonment, disqualification from the holding of public office and substantial fines following an initial court verdict in Lecce in March 2021. The public prosecutor in the case had principally requested minimum sentences and acquittal, but the trial judge decided to take a much stronger line against the defendants. The cases and potential punishments have still to be finalised.[54]

In Albania and Greece

Farmers in both Albania and Greece who are being affected by the pipeline have been at the forefront of the protests in their respective countries. Farmers in Greece have attempted to block the pipeline entirely while Albanian farmers are seeking elusive compensation for the use of their land by the pipeline's construction and development.[55]

In Albania, many farmers received compensation for their land but were not at all satisfied, explaining that their loss of income and property was not covered. In addition to the lack of satisfactory compensation necessary to maintain many farmers' livelihood, the rules and mechanisms for compensation were considered non-transparent and vague, leaving farmers in a vulnerable position.[56]

In Greece, farmers went not consulted about the pipeline's path which will pass over valuable, fertile agricultural land. While some farmers were offered compensation in Kavala, they felt the compensation was not nearly enough to offset the monetary loss from the pipeline's development. Others were in the dark about the pipeline's development on their land until diggers arrived.[57]

In Serres, protests ensued while community residents' concerns over a planned gas compressor station in a nearby floodplain went unheeded. The station will be sited close to villages and there is no emergency plan in place. Efforts demanding that the local authority hold TAP accountable had failed.[57]

Coronavirus Pandemic Impacts

Close to a thousand workers are at the TAP site every day from all over Italy and Europe. Many come from the North of Italy, which has been hit hard by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Workers have stated they haven't been given the proper personal protective equipment necessary for working through a respiratory disease pandemic, and are not tested regularly. As of April 2, 2020, there have been two confirmed cases of COVID-19 amid TAP employees. In Italy, only essential construction is permitted to continue during the COVID-19 pandemic, but TAP representatives have argued that TAP should be considered critical infrastructure and be allowed to continue. Local movements and mayors have demanded that the government halt construction on TAP, arguing that since the project is not currently used for energy it is not essential infrastructure. One of the nine construction ships around Melundugno is now in quarantine, but there have been no other changes in work plans.[58]

Identifiers

ENTSOG identifies the project as "TRA-F-51".[36]

The SciGrig_Gas IGG gas transmission network data set refers to the project as "INET_PL_6580", "INET_PL_6581", "INET_PL_658", "INET_PL_6583", "INET_PL_6584", "INET_PL_6585", "INET_PL_6586", "INET_PL_6587", "INET_PL_6588", and "INET_PL_6589". [3]

The Trans-Adriatic Gas Pipeline was added to the European Commission's Projects of Common Interest (PCI) list as 7.1.3.[59]

TAP expansion project

  • Operator:
  • Owner: BP (20%), SOCAR (20%), Snam Rete Gas S.p.A. (20%), Fluxys (19%), Enagás (16%), and Axpo Trading (5%)[5]
  • Parent company:
  • Capacity: 10 billion cubic meters per year
  • Length: Capacity expansion only
  • Diameter:
  • Status: Proposed
  • Start year: 2027
  • Cost: €1.035 billion
  • Financing:
  • Associated infrastructure:


The Trans Adriatic Pipeline capacity is 10 bcm/y. An expansion project known as "TAP Expansion" aims to double TAP's maximum capacity to 20 bcm/y -- adding 10 bcm/y of additional capacity. A Demand Assessment Report for the project was published in October 2019. Commissioning of the expansion is expected, according to European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG), an industry group, in 2025.[60]

Increased capacity is planned to come from additional compression at two existing compressor stations and by introducing two additional compressor stations.[60]

ENTSOG lists the cost of the expansion project as €1.035 billion (US$1.179 billion).[60]

On July 22, 2021, the projects operator told S&P Global Platts "the 2019 market test has ended and no binding bids have been submitted." S&P Global Platts Analytics is "skeptical on TAP's expansion," and is not assuming any expansion of TAP in its long-term forecast.[61]

The 2021 market test process runs between July 12 and September 6, 2021. Daniel D. Stein, a senior fellow in the Atlantic Council's Global Energy Center, stated "it is hard to see how [the 2021 market test] will have a different result" than the 2019 market test.[62]

ENTSOG refers to the TAP expansion project as TRA-N-810.[60]

Previously listed as a Project of Common Interest (PCI), the expansion project was not included in the 5th PCI list published by the European Commission in November 2021.[63] The proposal was included in ENTSOG's 2022 TYNDP project details, and is considered proposed. A Reuters article in January, 2022 highlighted that the managing director for the project, Luca Schiepatti announced that they are ready to move the project further, with the intention to commission in 2025.[64]

Articles and resources

References

  1. ↑ "Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)". Southern Gas Corridor. Retrieved 2022-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), Italy, Greece, Hydrocarbons-Technology, accessed April, 2018
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diettrich, Pluta, Medrjoubi (July 23, 2020). "The combined IGG gas transmission network data set". DLR Institute for Networked Energy Systems. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (October 2020). "TYNDP 2020 - MAP – Transmission" (PDF). ENTSOG. Retrieved December 4, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "TAP, conclusi i lavori del gasdotto che sbarca sulle spiagge della Puglia". EnergyCuE. July 14, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "First gas flows through Trans Adriatic Pipeline". Offshore. 2020-11-17. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (November 25, 202). "TYNDP 2020 Annex A.2 – Project Tables". ENTSOG. Retrieved December 2, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ↑ Shahmar Hajiev The news you possibly missed: TAP pipeline up and running, EurActiv, Nov. 19, 2020
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) completes successful EUR 3.9 billion project financing European Investment Bank, January 11, 2019
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (878KM), IJGlobal TRANSACTION DATA, accessed Feb. 22, 2021
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Gas pipeline from Greece to Italy via Albania and the Adriatic Sea European Commission, accessed Dec. 11, 2019
  12. ↑ EGL (2007-03-13). "Natural gas pipeline through Adriatic achieves major milestone". Press release. Retrieved on 2010-07-16.
  13. ↑ Mejdini, Fatjona (31 March 2017). "Albania Spies Gold in Projects Linked to TAP". Balkan Insight.
  14. ↑ "StatoilHydro takes place at TAP table". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2008-02-13. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  15. ↑ "TAP lays groundwork in Greece". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2008-06-19. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  16. ↑ Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG (2009-01-22). "Marine survey in the Adriatic Sea to verify offshore route of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline". Press release. Retrieved on 2009-06-16.
  17. ↑ "Route assessment survey begins in Albania for Trans Adriatic Pipeline". Balkans.com Business News. 2009-07-13. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  18. ↑ "Trans-Adriatic Gas Pipeline Co. Opens Offices in Albania, Italy, Greece". SeeNews. 2010-01-20. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  19. ↑ "Trans Adriatic Pipeline taps into Italy's gas grid". Pipelines International. 2010-03-17. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  20. ↑ "E.ON Ruhrgas joins Trans Adriatic Pipeline". Oil and Gas Journal. PennWell Corporation. 2010-05-21. Template:Subscription required. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  21. ↑ "E.ON firms TAP stake". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  22. ↑ "Trans-Adriatic Pipeline begins route refinement study in northern Greece". European Energy Review. 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  23. ↑ "Trans Adriatic Pipeline submits Third Party Access Exemptions in Albania, Greece & Italy". Greece. Energia.gr. 2011-09-13. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  24. ↑ "Trans Adriatic Pipeline submits Independent Natural Gas application to Greek regulator". Offshore Magazine. PennWell Corporation. 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  25. ↑ "Commission decision of 16.5.2013 on the exemption of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline from the requirements on third party access, tariff regulation and ownership unbundling laid down in Articles 9, 32, 41(6), 41(8) and 41(10) of Directive 2009/73/EC" (PDF). European Commission. 2013-05-16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  26. ↑ Gloystein, Henning (2013-05-17). "TAP gas pipeline project gets vital legal approval" (PDF). Reuters. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  27. ↑ Geropoulos, Kostis (2012-02-21). "TAP, Nabucco and SEEP still in EU pipeline race". New Europe. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  28. ↑ Lewis, Barbara (9 August 2012). "BP, Socar, Total pledge to fund gas pipeline-TAP". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  29. ↑ Agayev, Zulfugar (28 September 2012). "TAP Gas Pipeline Project Gains Support of Italy, Greece, Albania". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  30. ↑ "TAP Managing Director: Cooperation with TANAP is milestone for Southern Gas Corridor progress". Trend News Agency. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
  31. ↑ European Commission (2013-02-13). "Commissioner Oettinger welcomes the signature of an intergovernmental agreement on TAP". Press release. Retrieved on 2013-03-14.
  32. ↑ O'Cinneide, Eoin (2013-06-28). "TAP confirmed as Shah Deniz 2 winner". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  33. ↑ Socor, Vladimir (15 January 2014). "SCP, TANAP, TAP: Segments of the Southern Gas Corridor to Europe". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Vol. 11, no. 8. Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  34. ↑ Badalova, Aygun. "Snam becomes shareholder in TAP". Trend.az. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  35. ↑ Trans Adriatic Pipeline to cost 4.5 billion euros: Project chief Hurriyet Daily News, January 31, 2017 (accessed January 11, 2020)
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 ENTSOG Ten Year Network Development Plan 2020, Annex A, Projects Tables accessed Jan. 11, 2020
  37. ↑ Stephen Jewkes, TAP pipeline on course for first gas to Italy in early 2020, Reuters, December 22, 2017
  38. ↑ Mezartasoglou, Stambolis, Dimitris, Costis (June 2020). "Prospects for the Establishment of Gas Trading Hubs in SE Europe" (PDF). IENE. Retrieved August 20, 2020. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 35 (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ↑ Incidente sul lavoro, muore operaio nel cantiere del gasdotto Salento, Rai News, May 27, 2020
  40. ↑ Shabnam Hasanova, Where Does the TAP Gas Pipeline Project Stand to Date? The View From Baku, The Jamestown Foundation, Jun. 30, 2020
  41. ↑ "Trans Adriatic Pipeline Enters Initial Testing Phase". pgjonline.com. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  42. ↑ Columns. "Project progress". TAP. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Silvia Favasuli, Italy regulator grants TAP AG more time for first gas delivery, company confirms Q4 deadline, S&P Global, Jul. 3, 2020
  44. ↑ Azerbaijan Kicks Off Gas Exports To Russia-Dominated European Market, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Dec. 31, 2020
  45. ↑ "TAP Starts Transporting First Gas". Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP). Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  46. ↑ Stephen Jewkes. "TAP pipeline explores feasibility of blending hydrogen". U.S. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  47. ↑ TAP pipeline owners could speed up gas capacity auctions, Offshore, Mar. 22, 2022
  48. ↑ The Southern Gas Corridor and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), European Investment Bank, accessed April, 2018
  49. ↑ A Complaint to the European Ombudsman CEE Bankwatch Network, accessed Dec. 17, 2020
  50. ↑ EU Ombudsman launches investigation into financing of Europe’s largest fossil fuels project, CEE Bankwatch Network, Dec. 17, 2020
  51. ↑ Trans-adriatic Pipeline BankTrack, accessed April, 2018
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Jon Stone, Italy uses Mussolini-era law to place community on military lockdown over pipeline project, Independent, November 30, 2017
  53. ↑ Trials start in Italy over the controversial Trans Adriatic Pipeline, Counter Balance blog, Sep. 10, 2020
  54. ↑ Trials of unequals in Italy over the Trans Adriatic Pipeline, Counter Balance blog, Apr. 7, 2021
  55. ↑ Fatjona Mejdini, Katja Lihtenvalner, Greek, Albanian Farmers Unite Against Adriatic Pipeline, Balkan Insight, March 28, 2018
  56. ↑ Sven Haertig-Tokarz, Between TAP and a hard place – Albanian farmers receive peanuts after losing land and livelihoods to gas pipeline, CEE Bankwatch Network, November 30, 2017
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Jo Ram, Sara Shoraka, “If the company wants the pipeline to pass through our region, it will first have to pass over our bodies.” October 11, 2017
  58. ↑ Marittimi positivi al Covid-19 su nave che lavora per Tap , equipaggio in quarantena fuori dal porto di Brindisi Brindisi Oggi, April 2, 2020
  59. ↑ "Pipe down: Gas companies' control over billions in EU subsidies". Global Witness. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (July 10, 2020). "TEN-YEAR NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2020: ANNEX A – PROJECT DETAILS" (PDF). ENTSOG.eu. Retrieved February 9, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  61. ↑ "No binding bids submitted for additional capacity in TAP gas link: operator". Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  62. ↑ "TAP and the Southern Gas Corridor: Challenges to expansion". Atlantic Council. 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  63. ↑ ANNEX to COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) …/... amending Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the Union list of projects of common interest, European Commission, Nov. 19, 2021
  64. ↑ "TAP pipeline ready to boost capacity a year earlier - MD to paper". Reuters. 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2022-06-28.

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External resources

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