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Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P. (KMP) is a pipeline transportation and energy storage company in North America with more than 37,000 miles of pipelines and 180 terminals transporting gasoline, natural gas, and CO2 for enhanced oil recovery projects. Its terminals handle coal, petroleum coke, and steel products. KMP is owned by Kinder Morgan, Inc. (NYSE: KMI), an energy transportation and storage company in the U.S.[1]

SACROC

Early photo of SACROC. Credit: Abilene Reporter-News

SACROC (Scurry Area Canyon Reef Operating Committee) is the most productive CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) field in the United States, a key hub for Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS), operated by Kinder Morgan. As of 2019, the 56,000-acre[2] SACROC produced over 28,000 barrels per day of oil via CO2 EOR.[3]

Located in West Texas' Permian Basin, the field was also the first in the United States to achieve commercial production using the drilling technique in 1972[4] and the Railroad Commission of Texas approved of SACROC's CO2 EOR injection process in 1970.[5]Standard Oil was the operator of the production site.[6] Before SACROC mastered the CO2 EOR craft, the oil industry attempted to use injectants including fire, LPG, nitrogen, and flue gas to free up more of the original oil in place.[7]

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The carbon used to do oil drilling at the field comes from both the Val Verde Basin gas plants, where carbon is refined into a pure stream product for CO2 EOR production, and the McElmo Dome.[8] Natural carbon dioxide is currently the source of 78.7% of the CO2 for CO2 EOR in the United States[9] and CO2 EOR currently is the final carbon sink for nine of the ten biggest U.S.-based Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects currently commercially operational.[10] Traditionally known as CCS, CO2 EOR is a central component of a rebranding effort which began in 2012 known as CCUS, or carbon capture utilization and storage. The "U" in CCUS, in this case, is using carbon to drill for more oil.[11]

A 2009 paper pointed to SACROC as the most greenhouse gas emitting CO2 EOR field out of six major fields quantified.[12]

Explosions

In 2020, a CO2 plant servicing SACROC exploded in Snyder, Texas. No one was hurt, but videos taken by area residents showed a powerful blast that took place at the facility.[13][14]

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Snyder gas plant explosion

"Kinder Morgan experienced abnormal operations at its SACROC unit, located in Snyder, Texas, as a result of a pipeline pigging operation," Kinder Morgan, operating partner at the plant, said of the blast in an official statement. "A flare functioned as designed to minimize the impact of the abnormal operation, and the fire has burned out. The company isolated the facility and worked with local resources, including the Snyder Fire Department, to secure the area. There were no injuries, the appropriate regulatory agencies were notified and air monitoring was conducted as a precaution."[15]

In October 2017, a pipeline located at the SACROC CO2 EOR field operated by Kinder Morgan also exploded, injuring 8-10 people, including—a local media outlet reported—"one person who had shrapnel in his leg and back." Residents in the area said the blowout, which happened at Country Road 258, felt like an earthquake.[16]

Earthquakes, Pollution

A 2015 study also showed that the ground lifted 10 cm at SACROC between 2007-2011 as a result of drilling. The authors of the study concluded it was "mainly caused by CO2 injection." In that time period, as much CO2 was injected underground as the time period dating between the premier days of the field dating between 1972-2003. Kinder Morgan Energy Partners is the dominant CO2 EOR driller at SACROC.[17]

The SACROC CO2 treatment facility operated by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, also emitted 425,971.5 metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere in 2019.[18] That amounts to 92,640 passenger vehicles driven for a year and 77,375 homes' electricity use for one year, according to the EPA's Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator.[19] The SACROC facility also emits high levels of PM 10, VOCs, ammonia, PM 2.5, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, methane, NOx, and sulfur dioxide, according to EPA pollution data.[20]

"Something Invisible," "Step on Gas" Ads

A 2003 advertisement published by Kinder Morgan, boasts that "Thanks to something invisible, the Permian's future is solid." "You can't see or touch carbon dioxide, but its benefits to the Permian are tangible," the ad reads. "CO2 flooding breathes new life into secondary oil recovery projects, and Kinder Morgan CO2 is using the power of CO2 to launch the next phase of productivity in the Permian basin."[21]

2003 CO2 EOR promotion ad by Kinder Morgan. Credit: Odessa American

Another 2003 newspaper advertisement by Kinder Morgan declares that "To pick up the pace, you have to step on the gas: carbon dioxide, that is."[22]

2003 Kinder Morgan Energy Partners CO2 enhanced oil recovery advertisement. Credit: The Odessa American

Sequestering vs. Recycling

During the CO2 EOR process, CO2 is not merely stored underground immediately. Instead, it is recycled as part of what the Global CCS Institute describes as a "closed loop," which "reduces the need to purchase additional CO2."[23]

A closed-loop CO2 EOR system, exhibited in a 2013 NETL report.

A 1976 study commissioned by the Federal Energy Administration pointed out that, from the onset, CO2 EOR would not be economically feasible for the oil industry without recycling technology. The study explained the industry will necessitate "major improvements in...recycling...before the full potential of this recovery tech­nique can be realized."[24]

As early as 1981, a petroleum engineering coordinator for Shell told colleagues at the Society for Petroleum Engineers that CO2 for CO2 enhanced oil recovery should be recycled because it "is a very valuable commodity" and "it does involve large amounts for oil recovery."[25]

In 1991, a production supervisor at Shell at the Jackson Dome further explained, "We're recycling everything we produce. Eventually the flood will be mature enough that all we'll be doing is recycling. We won't have to bring any more down from Jackson Dome."[26]

In 2016, the U.S. Department of Interior's Office of Natural Resources Revenue also explained the CO2 EOR process as one centering around recycling in a legal ruling pertaining to disputes over royalty payments at the Bravo Dome. "At the surface, the CO2 is separated from the oil," explains the filing. "The oil is sold and the CO2 reused again in the EOR reservoir. This means the CO2 is part of a continual process and is not sold."[27]

In a 2018 presentation, Denbury further concluded that by 15 years into a CO2 EOR operation, 20% of its CO2 will be recycled. By 20 years, that number goes up to 50%. By 25 years, that number goes up to 70% and by 30 years, that number goes up to 80% recycled.[28]

The U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory put it more simply in a 2019 paper on CO2 EOR, writing, "the objective of CO2 EOR operations is not to store CO2, but to maximize oil production. However, some of the injected CO2 ultimately does get stored in the reservoir as part of the process.[29]

“The need for the field to purchase new CO2 is gradually reduced over time,” further explains a 2019 paper published by the U.S. Department of Energy. “As a result, a greater percentage of the CO2 injected is from production, separation, and recycling versus newly-purchased CO2.” That paper further explained that “approximately half has been recovered and recycled” and more broadly “CO2 EOR operators try to maximize oil and gas production and minimize the amount of CO2 left in the reservoir.”[30]

A 2010 paper by the National Energy Technology Laboratory also explains the exact money saved by doing the recycling process, writing that "Because of the cost of naturally sourced CO2—roughly $10-15 per metric ton—a CO2 flood operator seeks to recycle as much as possible to minimize future purchases of the gas."[31]

McElmo Dome

McElmo Dome is a natural carbon source field that is 98% pure.[32] located in southwestern Colorado, operated primarily by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners. It is the most prolific of the Natural CO2 Source Fields in the world.[33]

The carbon produced there is crucial for oil drilling as an injectant for CO2 enhanced oil recovery in Texas' Permian Basin, the global epicenter of CO2 EOR for Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS). It is one of the five major producing Natural CO2 Source Fields in the United States and is 203,000 acres in size.[34]

McElmo Dome carbon is sent via the 500-mile Cortez Pipeline to Texas' Permian Basin in which the produced carbon is injected under the ground to free up an additional 8-20% of oil. CO2 EOR is also sometimes called "carbon flooding" or "tertiary recovery."[35]

Natural carbon dioxide is currently the source of over 80% of the CO2 for CO2 EOR in the United States[36]and CO2 EOR currently is the final carbon sink for nine of the ten biggest U.S.-based Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects currently commercially operational.[37] A 2020 study concluded that CO2 enhanced oil recovery using CO2 source fields like the Jackson Dome, McElmo Dome, Bravo Dome, Sheep Mountain, Doe Canyon, and St. John's Dome “cannot contribute to reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.”[38]

Multiple studies have also called into question the climate benefits of CO2 EOR production even with anthropogenic carbon, pointing to the process as a net-positive greenhouse gas emitting process.[39]

Location

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Field Details

Comparison to Oil, Gas Drilling

An industry engineer told the outlet Capital & Main that CO2 drilling is akin to drilling for oil and gas, at its core.

“It’s really the same tools, the same equipment, the same calculation going on. It’s just using different types of numbers,” the engineer stated. “But you find a CO2 source field, which obviously can be several thousand feet underground, and you move a drilling rig in and you drill for it.”[42]

Community Impacts

The communities located near the McElmo Dome and Doe Canyon have documented many complaints against Kinder Morgan Energy Partners and Occidental. Those include noise complaints about the Yellow Jacket Compressor Station and growth of community CO2 assets,[43][44] local road damage, grievances about power lines on agricultural properties,[45] and the sensing of foul-smelling odors which have led to public health impacts.

Yellow Jacket Compressor Station shown in presentation given by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners in 2014 presentation. Credit: Montezuma County Board of Commissioners

“I woke up with a headache, and could hear a constant roar from a well a mile away,” one resident said of public health concerns to a local media outlet. “Gas poured into our ravine, and my 90-year old mother-in-law breathed it in.”[46]

“I can hear it all day and all night right now,” another resident told the same local media outlet. “If you could make the noise go away, that would be nice.”[47]

“There’s no peace of mind when you go out to have a cup of coffee in the morning,” another source told a local independent media outlet. “The noise is 24/7. They shut that plant down maybe three times a year.” The source added that once the compressor station arrived nearby, "our house started vibrating."

Others told that outlet that once the compressor opened for business, they began "experiencing headaches, nose bleeds and sore throats."[48]

Residents have also filed complaints with the state about those issues.

"I often smell an 'industrial gas' smell around this county. It's new in the last 3 yrs," reads one of those complaints, filed with the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission about the Cow Canyon Compressor Station in the McElmo Dome. "Alot (sic) of people seem to be experiencing sinus conditions that last several wks. at a time and or get sick in the summer. There's a constant greenish/brown haze on the southern and western horizons, when the wind's not blowing."[49]

Another resident said that same compressor station often sounds "like a jet engine."

"Then 4 seconds of silence. Repeat. I could see a white plume coming from 2 stacks, going at least as high as the stacks are high," reads that complaint. "What was being vented? Did they even report this? Kinder Morgan has a reputation for releasing all sorts of gas into the air... sometimes really nasty gas. Any release concerns me."[50]

That complainant, Gala Pock, was several years earlier booted from the Montezuma County Planning and Zoning Board for disputing CO2 pipeline permits and speaking out against the company. After telling a company representative to "Go to hell" at a Board meeting, during debate over a pipeline, Pock received a letter telling her she had been removed from the Board.[51]

Kinder Morgan also said at a county Board of Commissioners meeting in 2014, of requested duties to pay $1.5 million for local roads by Montezuma County residents who said its trucks had destroyed, that “We're here to make money" and paying for such roads would hinder those ambitions. "We've paid enough. We're being treated unfairly," the company's regulatory manager stated.[52]

The company also filed a lawsuit[53] against the county for its request to build powerlines underground, instead of above ground,[54] which farmers said would drop the value of their land in the area.[55] Kinder Morgan would eventually drop the lawsuit.[56]

In 2014, a local farmer said of this debate over where to lay the powerline that “The area is becoming a chokepoint for pipelines, powerlines, and irrigation...Commercial agriculture here is a huge part of the economy. My fear is that agriculture will die from 1,000 cuts.”[57]

Monument Status Exemption

The same year as Kinder Morgan became the predominant CO2 producer at the McElmo Dome, Canyons of the Ancients became a National Monument designated by the U.S. Department of Interior and declared such by President Bill Clinton.[58] Part of the land overlaps with the Bravo Dome and the Clinton Administration exempted the production area from monument-status protection and preservation.[59][60]

Both the George W. Bush Administration and the Obama Administration authorized permits to expand Kinder Morgan's CO2 drilling access within monument land.[61] The Obama Administration did not address climate change in granting the permit to expand CO2 drilling in the area,[62] while the Bush Administration addressed it by downplaying the concerns.

The CO2 marketing is "completed in a closed system much the same as CO2 extracted from a power plant’s emissions," wrote the Bush Administration in a 2002 regulatory determination approving four additional wells in Canyons of the Ancients. [63]

Supreme Court Tax Case

Kinder Morgan underpaid taxes by $2 million,[64] according to a 2017 Colorado Supreme Court ruling,[65] the culmination of years of disputes[66] between the county and company over taxation policy.[67][68] In actuality, the county's Asssssor at the time said the company had undervalued its CO2 production by about $50 million.[69]

The state also has a 5% severance tax on CO2 production, per a 1982 Colorado Supreme Court ruling.[70]

Local Economic Dependence

As of 2020, Montezuma County gets over half of its tax revenue from CO2 drilling, according to Assessor's Office data.[71] Dolores County, Colorado, home of the Doe Canyon CO2 source field extension of the McElmo Dome also operated by Kinder Morgan, raises 64% of its tax revenue from its carbon field.

State Violations

Kinder Morgan has racked up environmental violations at the McElmo Dome.

In 2011, the company received $140,000 for 73 different environmental violations, which the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission said was actually a lowered down amount from the over $700,000 worth of violations the company had committed.[72] Kinder Morgan was given mercy on the fine amount "because the company volunteered so much information and took steps to make sure it doesn't happen again," The Durango Herald reported at the time.[73]

In 2013, the company received another $220,000 in fines and the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission noted at the time that the company was amassing a "pattern of rulebreaking."[74] That same year, the agency doled out four more notice of violations to Kinder Morgan for running afoul of the law on things ranging "from inadequate storage of drill cuttings to drill pad sizes that exceeded their permitted area."[75]

The problems ranged from paperwork violations to spills and improper storage of drilling waste," reported The Cortez Journal. "Kinder Morgan failed to notify the state in writing at least two days before building a drilling waste pit, and its well sites disturbed more land than the permit allowed. The company also stored drill cuttings on a liner, which overflowed with rainwater and flowed onto the soil."[76]

Then in 2019, the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission ordered a shutdown of one of its CO2 wells due to a complaint from a Montezuma County resident who lived nearby it. “It's unnerving when you smell gas and the alarm is not functioning,” said the resident. “Living next to a well is not very relaxing. There is a certain amount of fear about the unknown gases coming out of there.”[77]

Local Revolving Door

Bob Clayton, who formerly served as the production supervisor for Kinder Morgan in Montezuma County at the McElmo Dome,[78] left that job and proceeded to join the County Board of Commissioners. It is a position Clayton began in 2014.[79]

Doe Canyon

Doe Canyon is a natural carbon source field[80] located in southwestern Colorado, operated primarily by Kinder Morgan. It is a leasehold unit which sits one county to the north of the most prolific of the Natural CO2 Source Fields in the world, the McElmo Dome.[81] The carbon produced there is crucial for oil drilling as an injectant for CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) in Texas' Permian Basin, the global epicenter of CO2 EOR for Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS). It is one of the five major producing Natural CO2 Source Fields in the United States and is 53,000 acres in size.[82]

The Doe Canyon carbon is sent via the 500-mile Cortez Pipeline to Texas' Permian Basin in which the produced carbon is injected under the ground to free up an additional 8-20% of oil. Cortez Pipeline, when created, was a joint venture between Continental Resources, Shell, and Mobil.[83] In 1980, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management approved a right-of-way for 100 miles of public lands for what would become the Cortez Pipeline.[84] Occidental acquired Doe Canyon via a swap with BP in 2007.[85]

Natural carbon dioxide is currently the source of over 80% of the CO2 for CO2 EOR in the United States.[86] A 2020 study concluded that CO2 enhanced oil recovery using CO2 source fields like the Jackson Dome, McElmo Dome, Bravo Dome, Sheep Mountain, Doe Canyon, and St. John's Dome “cannot contribute to reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.”[87]

Multiple studies have also called into question the climate benefits of CO2 EOR production even with anthropogenic carbon, pointing to the process as a net-positive greenhouse gas emitting process.[88]

Field Details

  • Operator: Kinder Morgan
  • Location: Dolores County, Colorado
  • Production: 30 million MCF[89]
  • Active Production Wells: 14[90]
  • Status: Operating

Local Economic Dependence

The County Assessor's Office for Dolores County told Global Energy Monitor that "64% of our revenue comes from CO2 production" via Doe Canyon as of 2020.

Sequestering vs. Recycling

During the CO2 EOR process, CO2 is not merely stored underground immediately. Instead, it is recycled as part of what the Global CCS Institute describes as a "closed loop," which "reduces the need to purchase additional CO2."[91]

A closed-loop CO2 EOR system, exhibited in a 2013 NETL report.

A 1976 study commissioned by the Federal Energy Administration pointed out that, from the onset, CO2 EOR would not be economically feasible for the oil industry without recycling technology. The study explained the industry will necessitate "major improvements in...recycling...before the full potential of this recovery tech­nique can be realized."[92]

As early as 1981, a petroleum engineering coordinator for Shell told colleagues at the Society for Petroleum Engineers that CO2 for CO2 enhanced oil recovery should be recycled because it "is a very valuable commodity" and "it does involve large amounts for oil recovery."[93]

In 1991, a production supervisor at Shell at the Jackson Dome further explained, "We're recycling everything we produce. Eventually the flood will be mature enough that all we'll be doing is recycling. We won't have to bring any more down from Jackson Dome."[94]

In 2016, the U.S. Department of Interior's Office of Natural Resources Revenue also explained the CO2 EOR process as one centering around recycling in a legal ruling pertaining to disputes over royalty payments at the Bravo Dome. "At the surface, the CO2 is separated from the oil," explains the filing. "The oil is sold and the CO2 reused again in the EOR reservoir. This means the CO2 is part of a continual process and is not sold."[95]

In a 2018 presentation, Denbury further concluded that by 15 years into a CO2 EOR operation, 20% of its CO2 will be recycled. By 20 years, that number goes up to 50%. By 25 years, that number goes up to 70% and by 30 years, that number goes up to 80% recycled.[96]

The U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory put it more simply in a 2019 paper on CO2 EOR, writing, "the objective of CO2 EOR operations is not to store CO2, but to maximize oil production. However, some of the injected CO2 ultimately does get stored in the reservoir as part of the process.[97]

“The need for the field to purchase new CO2 is gradually reduced over time,” further explains a 2019 paper published by the U.S. Department of Energy. “As a result, a greater percentage of the CO2 injected is from production, separation, and recycling versus newly-purchased CO2.” That paper further explained that “approximately half has been recovered and recycled” and more broadly “CO2 EOR operators try to maximize oil and gas production and minimize the amount of CO2 left in the reservoir.”[98]

A 2010 paper by the National Energy Technology Laboratory also explains the exact money saved by doing the recycling process, writing that "Because of the cost of naturally sourced CO2—roughly $10-15 per metric ton—a CO2 flood operator seeks to recycle as much as possible to minimize future purchases of the gas."[99]


St. John's Dome

St. John's Dome is a proposed natural carbon source field located in central-eastern Arizona, slated to be operated by Kinder Morgan and to connect to the Lobos Pipeline.

Arizona "Gusher"

In 2013, Kinder Morgan told the Arizona Oil & Gas Corporation Commission that it had hit a "gusher" at the St. John's Dome and planned to drill for carbon at 25 different well locations.[100] That same year, the company secured two CO2 drilling permits from the agency.[101] A year later, the company secured another five CO2 well permits.[102]

Kinder Morgan entered into the St. John's Dome in 2010 after acquiring the assets of the company Enhanced Oil Resources and completing the sale in 2012.[103][104]

In 2014, Kinder Morgan announced a $1 billion spend on the field, which included $300 million on building out the Lobos Pipeline.[105] The company had announced intentions of drilling for 250 CO2 wells at the field.[106]

When built out, the St. John's Dome is slated to be a 450 square mile unit. Kinder Morgan says it has 1.3+ TCF of recoverable CO2.[107]

Lobos Pipeline

The Lobos Pipeline, a proposal owned by Kinder Morgan, is a CO2 pipeline project proposed to carry carbon from the St. John's Dome.[108] The St. John's Dome is one of the yet-to-be-tapped Natural CO2 Source Fields and the carbon would be used to produce oil in the Permian Basin in New Mexico and Texas. The St. John's Dome is located primarily in Apache County, Arizona.

Map of Kinder Morgan Lobos Pipeline, proposed to carry CO2 from the St. John's Dome to market. Credit: U.S. Bureau of Land Management

Community Resistance

The 214-mile pipeline was slated to extend from the St. John's Dome into the Permian Basin, where it would be used to facilitate CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR), the mainstay use within Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS). CO2 EOR frees up an additional 8-20% of the original oil in place.

But the pipeline faced opposition from community groups[109] and in 2015, Kinder Morgan temporarily pulled the plug on the application it had filed with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The company cited "market conditions" as its rationale for leaving the project behind.[110]

After Kinder Morgan shelved the pipeline, the community group opposing the pipeline named Resistiendo/Resist the CO2 Pipeline said in a press statement that “Members are cautiously optimistic that New Mexico will not be the site of another unwanted, unneeded pipeline that could do serious harm to our sensitive environment, disturb historical and cultural areas and impact critical watershed areas in the region.”[111]

Natural carbon dioxide is currently the source of over 80% of the CO2 for CO2 EOR in the United States[112]and CO2 EOR currently is the final carbon sink for nine of the ten biggest U.S.-based Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects currently commercially operational.[113] Traditionally known as CCS, CO2 EOR is a central component of a rebranding effort which began in 2012 known as CCUS, or carbon capture utilization and storage. The "U" in CCUS, in this case, is using carbon to drill for more oil.[114]

According to a 2014 U.S. Department of Energy study, 97% of the industrial marketed carbon is used for CO2 EOR.[115]

Independent Health Impact Assessment

Due to a lack of what the group thought was a robust environmental impact statement (EIS) conducted by the Bureau of Land Management, Resistiendo wrote its own health impact assessment in contract with the group Human Impact Partners.[116]

The report concluded that residents from the county, ranking among the lowest in the state for socioeconomic status, feared land-use impacts of the pipeline and its inability to bring a large number of long-term jobs to the county's residents. The residents interviewed as part of the health assessment also cited fear of a pipeline explosion and lack of accompanying emergency medical facilities in the county. They also cited fears of destruction of ancient historical sites, including three sites located at the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[117]

In its press release announcing the tabling of the project, the Rio Grande Chapter of the Sierra Club cited that "Many landowners had refused to sign right-of-way easements, and Resistiendo had suggested a lower-impact route that avoided the majority of private properties in Torrance County as well as the critical Abo Watershed and dense areas of Salinas Missions ruins, prehistoric pueblo communities and burial mounds. This alternative would have entailed additional time."[118]

Kinder acquires Trans-Global Solutions

In April 2005, Kinder Morgan Energy Partners purchased seven bulk terminal operations from Trans-Global Solutions, Inc. (TGS) for approximately $245 million to "make KMP the largest handler of petroleum coke (petcoke) in the United States," Chairman, CEO and President Richard D. Kinder said. The TGS bulk terminal assets are located in Texas, including facilities at the Port of Houston, the Port of Beaumont and the TGS Deepwater Terminal located on the Houston Ship Channel.[119]

"TGS has long-term petcoke handling contracts in place with major Texas refineries, including ExxonMobil, Shell, Lyondell-Citgo, ConocoPhillips and Premcor, which make these fee-based operations an ideal fit for KMP," Kinder said. In 2005, TGS projected its terminals will handle about 10 million tons of petcoke, and KMP expects to handle about 7 million tons of petcoke at its existing facilities, for a combined 33 percent of the domestic petcoke market. Petcoke is a carbonaceous solid residual by-product of the oil refining coking process and is used primarily in the cement and power generation industries. At closing, KMP will execute a development agreement with TGS, whereby TGS will develop new solid bulk projects, including petcoke and coal projects, which KMP will have the right to purchase.[119]

Coal exports

At a 2011 investor conference, KMP representatives said demand for coal exports will be a driver of future growth for the Terminals segment, and that the company had entered into two significant contracts with customers to handle coal and is actively pursuing additional coal export opportunities.[120]

Kinder Morgan handled 30 million tonnes of coal in 2013 and 2014 through its East Coast and Gulf Coast terminals in the US, and projects that it will surpass that by 2 million tonnes in 2015, due to its planned and completed terminal expansions.[121]

Illinois

In 2012 Peabody said it expected to extend contracts at Kinder Morgan's Cora (Rockwood) Terminal in Illinois to facilitate shipments of Illinois Basin coal for domestic and international markets.[122]

Myrtle Grove

The International Marine Terminal is along the lower Mississippi River in Myrtle Grove, Louisiana. In Feb. 2011, pipeline and storage facility operator Kinder Morgan Energy Partners LP said it had signed an agreement with Massey Energy to expand the terminal to handle up to 6 million tons of coal. The 15-year deal anticipates a minimum of 4 million tons of coal per year. Most of the coal will come from Massey mines in central Appalachia for export. Kinder Morgan said it will invest $70 million to expand storage, conveyor belts and environmental controls at the terminal by mid-2012.[123]

Pennsylvania

In 2012 Kinder said it planned to spend US$200 million to boost capacity at its Shipyard River Coal Terminal in Charleston, South Caroline, to 7.25 million tonnes a year from 2 million, and the project would be completed by 2015.[124]

In 2013 the company said it was putting the expansion plans on hold as it waited for a dedicated buyer.[125]

Port of Houston

In late April 2011 Kinder Morgan Energy Partners stated that the company will begin exporting Colorado mined coal through its bulk terminal at the Port of Houston in Houston, Texas. According to its first quarter earnings report, Kinder wrote that they had signed an agreement with a “large western coal producer” and will invest about $18 million to expand the ship channel facility. Kinder stated it will be the first time Western coal will be exported from the Port of Houston.[126]

On July 17, 2012, Peabody Energy announced that, under new agreements with Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, it would gain additional coal export capacity from Kinder Morgan's Deepwater Terminal and Houston Bulk Terminal in Texas. The company expected to begin shipping Colorado and Powder River Basin coal through the Houston terminal in 2014. To facilitate the Gulf Coast export expansion, Peabody secured a rail service agreement with Union Pacific Railroad to transport coal from its Colorado mines to Kinder Morgan's Houston terminals. Kinder Morgan also agreed to invest roughly $400 million in its Gulf Coast terminals. The planned expansion would more than double Peabody's export capacity along the Gulf Coast to between 5 million and 7 million tons annually between 2014 and 2020. In 2011, Peabody shipped 6.6 million tons of coal through export terminals on the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf coasts. Much of the coal being shipped from Texas and Louisiana would serve Peabody's European markets.[127][128][129]

Port Westward

In June 2011, The Oregonian reported that Port Westward at the Port of St. Helens in Columbia City, Oregon was being eyed as a potential Northwest port that would export coal to Asian countries. It was also reported that Columbia Riverkeeper, which opposes coal export, asked a judge to require St. Helens Port to release all of its coal-related documents. In a response, a lawyer for the port stated that doing so would violate a confidentiality agreement and "would result in the greatest harm to the public interest which can be imagined -- a loss of jobs in our community."[130]

Oregon Democratic Gov. John Kitzhaber, wrote in a statement to The Oregonian that the terminal "should not happen in the dead of night. We must have an open, vigorous public debate before any projects move forward."[130]

In January 2012 The Oregonian reported that Kinder Morgan Energy Partners would develop a dry bulk export terminal at the Port of St. Helens' Port Westward industrial park, using rail lines and building facilities to store and load coal.

Ambre Energy also announced that their subsidiary Pacific Transloading would ship 3.5 million metric tons of coal a year with potential to ship as much as 8 million metric tons with port approval. Coal would be shipped on covered barges, received at Port Westward and directly loaded onto about 50 ocean-going ships a year. Pacific Transloading would ship 3.5 million metric tons of coal a year with potential to ship as much as 8 million metric tons with port approval the company stated.[131]

In January 2012 it was reported that the proposed coal terminal at Port Westward was forcing Rainier-area officials to examine whether they needed to expand rail lines through the heart of town to accommodate hundreds of rail cars daily.[132]

On January 25, 2012 Port of St. Helens commissioners approved lease options for two coal terminals to Port Westward. The five-member commission unanimously approved a lease option from Pacific Transloading, a subsidiary of Australian coal company Ambre Energy, to operate a coal barge unloading dock at Port Westward. Commissioners voted 4-1 to approve a lease option from Kinder Morgan Energy Partners to build what could be the largest coal terminal on the U.S. West Coast.[133]

However, May 2, 2012 Portland General Electric blocked Kinder Morgan’s multimillion-dollar proposal to construct a coal export terminal because of concerns over coal dust. PGE renewed a 99-year lease in 2008 on 852 acres of developable land at the Port of St. Helens-owned energy park near Clatskanie, Oregon. In turn, it can sublease the Port Westward property to other companies. However, in early May 2012 PGE denied the request by Kinder Morgan to construct a terminal on the site.[134]

Port cancelled

In May 2013 Kinder Morgan announced it was dropping its plan to build a $200-million facility at Port Westward in Oregon, saying it could not be configured optimally to handle export of up to 30 million tons of coal a year.[135]

Sightline Institute reports "track record of pollution, lawbreaking, and cover-ups" at Kinder Morgan facilities

An April 2012 report by the environmental think tank Sightline Institute, "The Facts about Kinder Morgan," , lists a series of legal violations and pollution incidents at various Kinder Morgan terminals. The report includes the following:[136]

  • "In Louisiana, Kinder Morgan’s coal export facilities are so dirty that satellite photos clearly show coal dust pollution spewing into the Mississippi River."
  • "In South Carolina, coal dust from Kinder Morgan’s terminal contaminates oysters, pilings, and boats. Locals have even caught the company on video washing coal directly into sensitive waterways."
  • "In Virginia, Kinder Morgan’s coal export terminal is an open sore on the neighborhood, coating nearby homes in dust so frequently that even the mayor is speaking out about the problem."
  • "In Portland, Kinder Morgan officials bribed a ship captain to illegally dump contaminated material at sea, and their operations have repeatedly polluted the Willamette River."
  • "Kinder Morgan has been fined by the US government for stealing coal from customer’s stockpiles, lying to air pollution regulators, illegally mixing hazardous waste into gasoline, and many other crimes."
  • "Kinder Morgan’s pipelines are plagued by leaks and explosions, including two large dangerous spills in residential neighborhoods in British Columbia."

Articles and resources

Related GEM.wiki articles

References

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  2. ↑ "SACROC," Kinder Morgan, accessed May 2021
  3. ↑ "CO2 Leakage During EOR Operations – Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO2," DOE/NETL-2017/1865, U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Jan. 30, 2019
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  9. ↑ Nelson, Cody, "Inside the Dirty, Dangerous World of Carbon Flooding," Capital & Main, April 5, 2021
  10. ↑ Horn, Steve,"How A Fossil-Fuel-Friendly Policy Made Its Way Into The Biden Campaign’s Climate Plans," Drilled News, Sept. 23, 2020
  11. ↑ Endres, Cozen, Et Al, "Putting the U in carbon capture and storage: rhetorical boundary negotiation within the CCS/ CCUS scientific community," Journal of Applied Communication Research, Sept. 7, 2016
  12. ↑ P. Jaramillo, W. Michael Griffin, S. McCoy, "Life Cycle Inventory of CO2 in an Enhanced Oil Recovery System," Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43, 8027–8032, Sept. 14, 2009
  13. ↑ "Snyder gas plant explosion (courtesy of Melisa Nelson)," WSAV-TV, June 2, 2020
  14. ↑ "Snyder Volunteer Fire Department," Facebook.com, June 2, 2020
  15. ↑ "Kinder Morgan releases statement after gas plant explosion in Snyder," KLBK-TV, June 3,2020
  16. ↑ "SACROC line blows out; six people treated at scene," The Snyder News, Oct. 21, 2017
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  21. ↑ "2003 Kinder Morgan Invisible Future" Advertisement," The Odessa American, Sept. 21, 2003
  22. ↑ "To pick up the pace, you have to step on the gas" adverstisement," The Odessa American, Sept. 14, 2003
  23. ↑ Whittaker, Steve; Perkins, Ernie, "Technical aspects of CO2 EOR and associated carbon storage," Global CCS Institute, Oct. 2013
  24. ↑ J.P. Brashear, V.A. Kuuskraa, "The Potential and Economics of Enhanced Oil Recovery," Journal of Petroleum Technology, Sept. 1, 1978
  25. ↑ Yancey, Royce, "Recycling CO2 reduces recovery cost," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, March 22, 1981
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  29. ↑ D. Vikara, A. Wendt, Et Al, "CO2 Leakage During EOR Operations – Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO2," U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Jan. 30, 2019
  30. ↑ Vikara, Wendt, Et Al, "CO2 Leakage During EOR Operations – Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO2," U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Jan. 30, 2019
  31. ↑ "Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: Untapped Domestic Energy Supply and Long Term Carbon Storage Solution," U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, March 2010
  32. ↑ W.L. Fisher, "Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Underground CO2 Sequestration in Texas Oil and Gas Reservoirs," University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 1999
  33. ↑ Binkly, Gail, "Is Kinder Morgan a good neighbor? Locals say yes — and no," Four Corners Free Press, Nov. 1, 2014
  34. ↑ "Overview of McElmo Dome Development Plans - Montezuma County Board of Commissioners," Kinder Morgan, Oct. 27, 2014
  35. ↑ Nelson, Cody, "Inside the Dirty, Dangerous World of Carbon Flooding," Capital & Main, April 5, 2021
  36. ↑ "Supply and Demand Analysis for Capture and Storage of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Central U.S.," Working Document of the NPC Study Meeting the Dual Challenge: A Roadmap to At-Scale Development of Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage, U.S. Department of Energy, National Petroleum Council, Dec. 12, 2019
  37. ↑ Horn, Steve,"How A Fossil-Fuel-Friendly Policy Made Its Way Into The Biden Campaign’s Climate Plans," Drilled News, Sept. 23, 2020
  38. ↑ R.Farajzadeh, A.A.Eftekhari, Et Al, "On the sustainability of CO2 storage through CO2 – Enhanced oil recovery," Applied Energy, March 1, 2020
  39. ↑ "CO2 enhanced oil recovery - Climate, Air Quality Impacts," Global Energy Monitor, GEM Wiki, accessed May 2021
  40. ↑ "McElmo Dome Production - 2020," Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, accessed May 2021
  41. ↑ "McElmo Dome Production - 2020," Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, accessed May 2021
  42. ↑ Nelson, Cody, "Inside the Dirty, Dangerous World of Carbon Flooding," Capital & Main, April 5, 2021
  43. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Use of loud brakes at Kinder Morgan well gets county review," The Cortez Journal, Feb. 15, 2019
  44. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Noise at Kinder Morgan pumping plant irks neighbor," The Cortez Journal, Oct. 27, 2016
  45. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Farmers, KM wrangle on power lines; Plan for lines gets pushback," The Cortez Journal, Sept. 25, 2014
  46. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Well venting presents health risk," The Cortez Journal, Nov. 24, 2014
  47. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, ["Kinder Morgan to drill new well," The Cortez Journal, April 11, 2016
  48. ↑ Binkly, Gail, "Is Kinder Morgan a good neighbor?," Four Corners Free Press, May 1, 2012
  49. ↑ "COGIS - Complaint Reports - Yellow Jacket Compressor Station," Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Sept. 25, 2017
  50. ↑ "COGIS - Complaint Reports - Yellow Jacket Compressor Station," Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Feb. 4, 2020
  51. ↑ Livick, Shannon, "Board boots board member," The Cortez Journal, Oct. 21, 2014
  52. ↑ "Kinder Morgan balks at $1.5M road repair," The Cortez Journal, April 17, 2014
  53. ↑ Long, David, "Company sues county over permit requirements," Four Corners Free Press, Nov. 1, 2014
  54. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Kinder Morgan sues county," The Cortez Journal, Oct. 30, 2014
  55. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Kinder Morgan permits approved," The Cortez Journal, Nov. 20, 2014
  56. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Kinder Morgan drops lawsuit, powerline plan," The Cortez Journal, Dec. 18, 2014
  57. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Kinder Morgan permits approved," The Cortez Journal, Nov. 20, 2014
  58. ↑ "Canyons of the Ancients Proclamation," The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, June 9, 2000
  59. ↑ Holden, Janelle, "Babbitt: Gas company has nothing to fear," The Cortez Journal, June 6, 2000
  60. ↑ "Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt vows protection for McElmo Dome," Associated Press, Nov. 26, 1999
  61. ↑ "BLM Signs Decision Record for Kinder Morgan Goodman Point Development," U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of Interior, May 2, 2011
  62. ↑ "Environmental Assessment #CO-800-2009-043 - Kinder Morgan Proposed Goodman Point Development Project," U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, March 2010
  63. ↑ "Finding of No Significant Impact and Decision Record for Kinder Morgan CO2 Company's Proposed Development of Well Sites HE-5 and SC-10 and Associated Infrastructure - EA# CO-SJFO-02-33EA," U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, August 2002
  64. ↑ "Kinder Morgan Can't Duck $2M Tax Bill At Colo. High Court," Law360, June 20, 2017
  65. ↑ Colorado Supreme Court, "Kinder Morgan CO2 Co., L.P. v. Montezuma County Board of Commisioners," No. 15SC595, June 19, 2017
  66. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "CO2 tax dispute goes to state hearing," The Cortez Journal, June 18, 2013
  67. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "Kinder Morgan refuses to give up tax fight," The Cortez Journal, Dec. 13, 2013
  68. ↑ Binkly, Gail, "Montezuma County Commissioners Reluctant to Ask For Sales Tax," KSJD-FM, May 17, 2016
  69. ↑ Binkly, Gail, "Friends and foes," Four Corners Free Press, Dec. 1, 2014
  70. ↑ "Colorado Taxes CO2," Platt's Oilgram News, March 3, 1982
  71. ↑ "Abstract of Assessment," Montezuma County, 2020
  72. ↑ "In the Matter of Alleged Violations of the Rules and Regulations of the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission by Kinder Morgan CO2 Co. LP - Dolores and Montezuma Counties in Colorado," Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Administrative Order by Consent, Order No. 1V-36, Cause No. 1V, May 16, 2011
  73. ↑ Hanel, Joe, "State agency fines Kinder Morgan," The Durango Herald, May 17, 2011
  74. ↑ Hanel, Joe, "Kinder Morgan hit with $220,000 fines for violations ‘Pattern of rulebreaking’ drew attention," The Cortez Journal, June 6, 2013
  75. ↑ Cowan, Emery, "Rushing to produce, company cutting some corners," June 20, 2013
  76. ↑ Hanel, Joe, "Kinder Morgan hit with $220,000 fines for violations ‘Pattern of rulebreaking’ drew attention," The Cortez Journal, June 6, 2013
  77. ↑ Mimiaga, Jim, "State gas commission suspends operations at Kinder Morgan well," The Cortez Journal, Sept. 4, 2019
  78. ↑ "Kinder Morgan looking to boost CO2 production in Colorado," Associated Press, Dec. 17, 2005
  79. ↑ "County planners appointed," The Cortez Journal, Jan. 24, 2014
  80. ↑ W.L. Fisher, "Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Underground CO2 Sequestration in Texas Oil and Gas Reservoirs," University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 1999
  81. ↑ Binkly, Gail, "Is Kinder Morgan a good neighbor? Locals say yes — and no," Four Corners Free Press, Nov. 1, 2014
  82. ↑ "Overview of McElmo Dome Development Plans - Montezuma County Board of Commissioners," Kinder Morgan, Oct. 27, 2014
  83. ↑ "Continental, Shell, Mobil to Join in Carbon Dioxide Pipeline Project," The Daily Advertiser, June 10, 1982
  84. ↑ "BLM approves access for pipelines," The Santa Fe New Mexican, Dec. 6, 1980
  85. ↑ "Occidental, BP to swap oil, gas assets," Los Angeles Times, May 2, 2007
  86. ↑ "Supply and Demand Analysis for Capture and Storage of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Central U.S.," Working Document of the NPC Study Meeting the Dual Challenge: A Roadmap to At-Scale Development of Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage, U.S. Department of Energy, National Petroleum Council, Dec. 12, 2019
  87. ↑ R.Farajzadeh, A.A.Eftekhari, Et Al, "On the sustainability of CO2 storage through CO2 – Enhanced oil recovery," Applied Energy, March 1, 2020
  88. ↑ "CO2 enhanced oil recovery - Climate, Air Quality Impacts," Global Energy Monitor, GEM Wiki, accessed May 2021
  89. ↑ "Doe Canyon Production - 2020," Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, accessed May 2021
  90. ↑ "Doe Canyon Production - 2020," Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, accessed May 2021
  91. ↑ Whittaker, Steve; Perkins, Ernie, "Technical aspects of CO2 EOR and associated carbon storage," Global CCS Institute, Oct. 2013
  92. ↑ J.P. Brashear, V.A. Kuuskraa, "The Potential and Economics of Enhanced Oil Recovery," Journal of Petroleum Technology, Sept. 1, 1978
  93. ↑ Yancey, Royce, "Recycling CO2 reduces recovery cost," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, March 22, 1981
  94. ↑ Stewart, Steve, "Shell committed to oil recovery," Enterprise-Journal, March 31, 1989
  95. ↑ "United States Department of Interior v. Amerada Hess Corporation - appeal Denied; Order Modified" Office of Natural Resources Revenue, Sept. 13, 2016
  96. ↑ "EOR Carbon Management Workshop", CO2 Conference, Dec. 8, 2015
  97. ↑ D. Vikara, A. Wendt, Et Al, "CO2 Leakage During EOR Operations – Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO2," U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Jan. 30, 2019
  98. ↑ Vikara, Wendt, Et Al, "CO2 Leakage During EOR Operations – Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO2," U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Jan. 30, 2019
  99. ↑ "Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil Recovery: Untapped Domestic Energy Supply and Long Term Carbon Storage Solution," U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, March 2010
  100. ↑ "Kinder Morgan hits CO2 "gusher" at St. Johns field," Arizona Geology, blog of the State Geologist of Arizona; Jan. 24, 2013
  101. ↑ "Two CO2 wells permitted in St. Johns field," Arizona Geology, blog of the State Geologist of Arizona; May 3, 2013
  102. ↑ "Kinder Morgan permits 5 wells in St Johns CO2 field," Arizona Geology, blog of the State Geologist of Arizona; April 19, 2014
  103. ↑ "Enhanced Oil Enters St. Johns Asset Sale," Enhanced Oil Resources, Press Release, Nov. 17, 2011
  104. ↑ "Enhanced Oil Resources Inc. Announces Completion of the Sale of St. Johns Dome CO(2) and Helium Assets," Enhanced Oil Resources, Press Release, Feb. 1, 2012
  105. ↑ "Kinder Morgan Plans CO2 Supply Expansion With New Pipeline, Wells," Kinder Morgan, Press Release, March 27, 2014
  106. ↑ Rauzi, Steven, "Summary of oil and gas activity in Arizona first half 2012," Arizona Geology Magazine, Aug. 20, 2012
  107. ↑ [https://s24.q4cdn.com/126708163/files/doc_events/29_01_2014/2014_Analysts_Conf_06_CO2.pdf "Kinder Morgan 2014 Analysts Conference," Kinder Morgan, Jim Wuerth, President CO2 Group, Jan. 29, 2014
  108. ↑ "Lobos Pipeline," Kinder Morgan, accessed May 2021 via the Web Archive
  109. ↑ Gaworecki, Mike, "New Mexico Residents Fighting Back Against Kinder Morgan CO2 Pipeline With Their Own Health Impact Assessment," DeSmog.com, July 27, 2014
  110. ↑ Passut, Charlie "Kinder Morgan Withdraws Application For Lobos CO2 Pipeline," Natural Gas Intelligence, Feb. 6, 2015
  111. ↑ "Kinder cancels CO2 pipeline through New Mexico," Sierra Club, Rio Grande Chapter of Mexico & El Paso; accessed May 2021
  112. ↑ "Supply and Demand Analysis for Capture and Storage of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Central U.S.," Working Document of the NPC Study Meeting the Dual Challenge: A Roadmap to At-Scale Development of Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage, U.S. Department of Energy, National Petroleum Council, Dec. 12, 2019
  113. ↑ Horn, Steve,"How A Fossil-Fuel-Friendly Policy Made Its Way Into The Biden Campaign’s Climate Plans," Drilled News, Sept. 23, 2020
  114. ↑ Endres, Cozen, Et Al, "Putting the U in carbon capture and storage: rhetorical boundary negotiation within the CCS/ CCUS scientific community," Journal of Applied Communication Research, Sept. 7, 2016
  115. ↑ "Subsurface Sources of CO2 in the Contiguous United States - Volume 1: Discovered Reservoirs," DOE/NETL-2014/1637, March 5, 2014
  116. ↑ Gaworecki, Mike, "New Mexico Residents Fighting Back Against Kinder Morgan CO2 Pipeline With Their Own Health Impact Assessment," DeSmog.com, July 27, 2014
  117. ↑ "Lobos CO2 Pipeline Health Impact Assessment," Human Impact Partners, Healthy Torrance Community, New Mexico Department of Health; June 2015
  118. ↑ "Kinder cancels CO2 pipeline through New Mexico," Sierra Club, Rio Grande Chapter of Mexico & El Paso; accessed May 2021
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 "Kinder Morgan Energy Partners Announces $245 Million Terminal Acquisition" PRNewswire, April 11, 2005.
  120. ↑ "Kinder Morgan Energy Partners Increases Quarterly Distribution to $1.14 Per Unit" istockanalyst, April 20, 2011.
  121. ↑ Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe “US Coal Exports: The Long Road to Asian Markets,” Oxford OIES PAPER: CL 2, March 2015
  122. ↑ Daniel Cusick,"Peabody to boost exports from Gulf Coast as Pacific Northwest terminal plans stall," ClimateWire, July 18, 2012.
  123. ↑ "Kinder Morgan to expand terminal for Massey coal" AP, Feb. 24, 2011.
  124. ↑ "U.S. Coal Industry Seeks to Boost Exports Through Gulf of Mexico" Mario Parker, Bloomberg, June 22, 2012.
  125. ↑ "Kinder Morgan considering coal export terminal in Charleston: executive," Platts, 7 Mar 2013
  126. ↑ "Kinder to Export Coal from Port of Houston" Casey Wooten, Business Journal, April 25, 2011.
  127. ↑ Daniel Cusick,"Peabody to boost exports from Gulf Coast as Pacific Northwest terminal plans stall," ClimateWire, July 18, 2012.
  128. ↑ "Peabody Energy, Kinder Morgan sign coal export deal" Reuters, July 17, 2012.
  129. ↑ "Peabody Energy, Kinder Morgan sign coal export deal" Reuters, July 17, 2012.
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 "Port of St. Helens potential candidate for coal export to Asia" Scott Learn, The Oregonian, June 15, 2011.
  131. ↑ "Two coal companies want to export coal through the Port of St. Helens" Scott Learn, The Oregonian, January 17, 2012.
  132. ↑ "Oregon officials ponder potential rail expansion for coal terminal" Erik Olson, TDN.com, January 19, 2012.
  133. ↑ "Coal in Clatskanie: Commissioners approve 2 Port Westward export proposals" Erik Olson, The Daily News Online, January 26, 2012.
  134. ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: PGE blocks major Oregon coal export project" South County Spotlight, Stover E Hanger III, May 2, 2012.
  135. ↑ Kim Murphy, "Plans shelved for coal export terminal in Oregon," LA Times, May 8, 2013.
  136. ↑ Eric de Place, "The Facts about Kinder Morgan," Sightline Institute, April 2012

External resources

  • "Terminals," Jeff Armstrong, President, Kinder Morgan Terminals Group

External articles

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