Greece and fossil gas
| This article is part of the Global Energy Monitor coverage of fossil gas |
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Greece sources most (83%) of its Total Energy Supply (TES) from fossil fuels. Coal, oil and gas all play a significant role in the country's fuel mix, but the usage of fossil gas is increasing, while the other two are decreasing. According to Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) fossil gas is expected to plan a more significant role in electricity generation from 2020-2030, with the installed capacity of gas-fired power generation stations increasing its share.[1]
With 8,585 million Euros of in-development gas infrastructure costs as of 2022, Greece ranked highest in the EU, putting it as risk of stranded asset risk and threatening to lock-in emissions well beyond 2050.[2][3]
Greece imports the majority of the fossil gas it consumes. International pipelines and LNG import terminals bring gas into the country, and as of 2022, there are plans to expand the country's import capacities. Domestically produced fossil gas does not account for a significant portion of the country's supply. In 2022, plans for exploration of a potential hydrocarbon play in the south of Greece with postponed indefinitely.
Hydrogen is expected to see expanded uses in the Greek energy mix, according to the country's NECP released in 2019.
Fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)
In 2020, Greece derived 83.03% of its Total Energy Supply (TES) from fossil fuels. A majority (about 49%) of the TES comes from oil. Fossil gas makes up the second highest share with 26%. In 2015, a larger portion of the TES was derived from coal than from fossil gas, but coal decreased by nearly 16% and fossil gas increased by around 14%.[4] The breakdown can be seen in the table below:
| 2020 (%) | change since 2015 (%) | |
| Coal | 9.03 | -15.98 |
| Fossil gas | 26.25 | 14.31 |
| Hydro | 1.53 | -0.81 |
| Wind, solar, etc. | 7.86 | 3.39 |
| Biofuels and waste | 6.81 | 0.57 |
| Oil | 48.52 | -1.48 |
Greece was targeting having 18% of its gross final energy consumption (GFEC) come from renewables by 2020; in 2019 overall 19.67% of its GFEC came from renewables.[5]
Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030 set a goal of 35% share of renewable energy sources in GFEC by 2030.[1]
Greenhouse gas emissions targets
As of 2020, Greece's total CO2 emissions are down 33.31% since 1990.[4]
As of 2020, Greece's per capita CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (4.4 tCO2) were 21st in Europe[6]
In 2020, Greece produced 76.17 million tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions -- about 68.0% of which came from the energy sector.[7] In 2019, Greece produced 89.65 million tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions -- about 68.2% of which came from the energy sector.[8]
In its National Energy and Climate plan for 2021-2030, Greece set the target of reducing GHG emissions by "more than" 42% compared to emissions in 1990. As of 2019, compared to 1990 levels, GHG emissions in Greece were down 15%.[8]
Government energy agencies & other key players
National energy agencies
Ministry of the Environment and Energy (YPEN[9]) is a government department of Greece responsible for environmental and energy policy.[10]
Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES) is a national entity for the promotion of renewable energy sources.[9]
Permitting agencies
Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) issues production licenses for power stations.[11][12][13]
Regulatory agencies
Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) supervises the domestic energy market, taking regulatory measures for the proper functioning of energy markets among other things.[11][13]
Electric utilities
Independent Power Transmission Operator S.A. (IPTO) is the owner and operator of the Hellenic Electricity Transmission System (HETS). It was certified by the Regulatory Authority for Energy in December 2012.[14]
Operator of the Electricity Market (LAGIE) is responsible for the operation of the electricity market.[9]
Gas Utilities
Hellenic Gas Transmission System Operator (DESFA) S.A. is the administrator (i.e. TSO) of the national fossil gas system.[15] It is responsible for the operation, management, utilization, and development of the system.[16] As of 2022, it is 34% owned by the Greek state and 66% owned by Senfluga S.A..[17]
Leading energy companies
PPC S.A. (ΔΕΗ) is the biggest electric power company in Greece. A majority of its shares (51.2%) are owned by the Greek government. With 11 GW of installed capacity, PPC's power plants account for approximately 51% of the installed capacity of power stations and made up a 46% share of the generation market in Greece in 2020. It owns coal, oil, and gas-fired power plants, as well as renewables power plants.[18]
TotalEnergies, Repsol, ExxonMobil, Edison, Energean, and Hellenic Petroleum were involved in concessions for exploration and drilling activities in Greece in 2019.[19] Greece's biggest oil refiner HelleniQ Energy owns 30% of the exploration rights for hydrocarbons off Crete.[20]
Protergia, a subsidiary of MYTILINEOS, is the largest independent electricity producer company in Greece.[21] It had 1.2 GW of installed gas-fired power plants,[22] which accounts for 13.5% of the licensed thermal plant production capacity operation in the country.[23]
Electricity usage
Installed capacity
As of 2020, Greece's installed capacity totaled around 22 GW.[18]
According to Greece's 2019 NECP, gas-fired electricity generation was expected to increase slightly.[1] The installed capacity in GW of the country's power generation system in "line with the objectives achievement scenario" through 2030 was projected as follows:
| Historic (GW)[24] | Projected (GW)[1] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 2022 | 2025 | 2027 | 2030 | |
| Coal | 3.9 | 2.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0 |
| Petroleum products | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1 | 1 | 0.3 |
| Fossil gas | 5.2 | 6 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 |
| Bioenergy | 0.889 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Hydro | 3.17 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Wind | 3.6 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 6 | 7 |
| Photovoltaics | 2.75 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 6.3 | 7.7 |
| Solar thermal | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Geothermal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 |
| Total | 21.1 | 22.6 | 23.1 | 24.9 | 26.2 |
As of 2019, Greece's installed capacity totaled around 18.45 GW with about 5 GW (27%) coming from gas-fired power plants.[9]
In 2016, Greece's installed capacity totaled 19.17 GW, ranking it 46th in the world.[25] 57% of that capacity came from fossil fuels, 14% from hydro and 29% from other renewables.[26]
44.3% of the country's combined heat and power (CHP) generation was fueled by fossil gas.[8]
The Lavrio power station, with 928 MW of capacity as of 2021, is the largest operational gas-fired power plant in Greece.[27]
As of December of 2021, Greece had six gigwatts of in-development gas-fired capacity according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker.[27]
A full map of all power plants in Greece and the electricity transmission system can be found on the Independent Power Transmission Operator website.[28] Gas-fired power generation units according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker are shown below:
Production
Greece generated 46,310 GWh of electricity in 2020, sourced 38.96% from fossil gas.[4] A breakdown of the 2020 electricity generation by source is shown below:
| Electricity produced (GWh) | share (%) | change since 2015 (%) | |
| Coal | 5,978 | 12.91 | -29.71% |
| Oil | 4,606 | 9.95 | -0.97% |
| Natural gas | 18,041 | 38.96 | 21.43% |
| Hydro | 3,445 | 7.44 | -4.42% |
| Wind | 9,321 | 20.13 | 11.22% |
| Biofuels | 331 | 0.71 | 0.27% |
| Waste | 230 | 0.50 | 0.28% |
| Solar PV | 4,358 | 9.41 | 1.89% |
| Total | 46,310 | -- | -- |
With 42.6 TWh of electricity produced, Greece ranked 63rd in the world in 2020.[29]
With 52.05 TWh of electricity produced, Greece ranked 53rd in the world in 2016.[26]
Consumption
Greece consumed 51.5 TWh of electricity in 2020, up 51.5% from 1990.[30]
Greece consumed 56.89 TWh of electricity in 2016, 45th in the world.[26]
Greece consumed 5,309.11 kWh per capita in 2019.[31]
Fossil Gas Production, Consumption, Sources and Projects in Greece
Domestic Production
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
| 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
In 2019, Greece's 0.01 Mtoe of fossil gas represented approximately 0.15% of the nation's 6.37 Mtoe of energy produced.[8]
Greece's 8 million cubic meters of fossil gas production in 2017 made it the 93rd largest producer in the world.[26]
Between 2009 and 2019, Greece's growth rate in fossil gas production was 4.3%.[29]
As of 2014, Greece produced oil and gas from the Kavala and Prinos fields in the Northern Aegean Sea.[32] As of 2019, Prinos was the only offshore field producing hydrocarbons in Greece.[33]
However, Greece announced it would "speed up gas exploration as it looks to cut its reliance on Russian energy" following the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. According to Reuters, Greece "views gas as a transition fuel as it ramps up renewables" and "Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said the country aspires to become a gas producer and a hub for the storage and transfer of gas to the rest of Europe."[34]
Reserves
Historically, Greece has not been a significant producer of fossil gas, and its proven reserves were sparse. As of 2018, Greece held 0.991 trillion cubic meters of proven fossil gas reserves, ranking 100th in the world.[26]
Energean is, as of 2022, the only producer active in Greece in the hydrocarbon sector.[34] Energean said in 2022 it has 54 Million Barrels of Oil Equivalent (mmboe) 2P reserves -- 38 mmboe of which are located in the Prinos concession which is comprised of the Prinos, Prinos North and Epsilon oil fields.[35]
According to a 2019 report, Greece is "expected to hold untapped oil and gas reserves in deepwater plays around Crete"[33] but the exploration of these areas were indefinitely suspended in 2022.[36] However, the Russian invasion of Ukraine renewed discussions of exploiting these reserves and for the first time in 22 years, test drilling took place in 2022. According to Reuters, Greece is aiming to conclude "seismic surveys to identify any gas fields it could tap in one onshore and five offshore areas in western Greece and off the island of Crete by March 2023"[34] In April 2022, a senior executive of Greece's hydrocarbons commission said the country has "tentative recoverable gas reserves of more than 600 billion cubic metres."[37] In November 2022, Greece "paved the way" for Exxon to carry out the seismic survey off the Peloponnese peninsula and west and southwest of the island of Crete.[38]
Consumption
In 2020, Greece consumed 5.7 billion cubic meters (bcm) of fossil gas, the 16th most in Europe.[29] 2020 represented Greece's highest level of fossil gas consumption, up 9.6% from 2019 and 99% from 2014.[39]
In 2017, Greece consumed 4.927 bcm of fossil gas, the 61st most in the world.[26]
Greece's fossil gas consumption between 2010 and 2020 is shown below (in bcm):
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
| 3.7 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.7 |
Imports & exports
Greece is dependent on imports to satisfy its consumption of fossil gas.[40]
2020 represented an increase in LNG imports to Greece, coming from eight different countries. 2020 also included an increase of LNG imports to Greece from the United States, up from 2.5 TWh in 2019 to 16 TWh in 2020.[39]
Greece's fossil gas imports and exports from 2009-2019 are shown below (in Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe)):
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
| Imports | 2.96 | 3.23 | 3.97 | 3.67 | 3.23 | 2.47 | 2.67 | 3.46 | 4.23 | 4.14 | 4.46 | 4.99 |
| Exports | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
Greece imported 14.64 Mtoe of fossil gas in 2019, ranking 8th in the European Union.[8]
Greece exported 0.58 Mtoe of fossil gas in 2019, ranking 8th in the European Union.[8]
Greece imported 4.984 bcm of fossil gas in 2017, ranking 36th in the European Union.[26]
In 2020, fossil gas imports made up a 39.2% share of Greeces Total Electricity supply.[1]
Transport
As of 2020, Greece's network of natural gas pipelines spans 953.20 km.[41]
A detailed map of the network as of 2021 can be found on page five of the "DEFSA Operation Report of the NNGS for the Year 2020."[41] According to that report, the technical characteristics of the system are as follows:
| Fossil Gas Pipeline | Diameter (inches) | Total Length (Km) |
|---|---|---|
| Main Pipeline | 36 & 30 | 512 |
| Transmission Branches of NNGTS | ||
| Lavrion Branch | 30 | 100.05 |
| Keratsini Branch | 30 & 24 | 24.48 |
| HAR Branch | 14 | 2.02 |
| Oinofyta Branch | 10 | 20.62 |
| Volos Branch | 10 | 40.42 |
| Thessaloniki North - EKO Branch | 24 & 10 | 9.70 |
| Thessaloniki East Branch | 24 | 24.41 |
| Platy Branch | 10 | 10.98 |
| Karperi - Komotini Branch | 24 | 216.79 |
| Komotini - Kipi Branch | 36 | 86.71 |
| Alouminion Branch | 30 | 28.12 |
| Megara - Korinthos Branch | 30 | 52.88 |
| MOTOR OIL Branch | 20 | 1.46 |
| Trikala Branch | 10 | 71.94 |
| Thisvi Branch | 20 | 26.27 |
| Heron Branch | 14 | 0.75 |
| Aliveri Branch | 20 | 73.13 |
| Elefsina (ELPE) Branch | 10 | 6.41 |
| Korinthos - Megalopoli Branch | 24 | 155.43 |
| Revithoussa - Agia Triada Underwater Pipeline | ||
| East Pipeline | 24 | 0.62 |
| West Pipeline | 24 | 0.63 |
| TOTAL
(Transmission Branches and Underwater pipelines) |
953.20 | |
With 1,978 km of pipeline projects in development, Greece ranked 17th in the world in terms of planned expansion by length in 2021.[42] With 237,865 BOE/d of pipeline projects in development, Greece ranked 24th in the world in terms of planned expansion by capacity in 2020.[43]
The estimated total cost of new gas transport infrastructure (pipelines and LNG terminals) was 8,564 million euros in 2021.[2]
As of September 2021, the main two gas international pipeline transport projects in development were:
| Pipeline name | Countries | Status as of September 2021 | Expected Start Year | Length (KM) | FID Status |
| East Med Gas Pipeline | Cyprus, Israel, Greece | Proposed | 2025 | 1870.00 | Pre-FID |
| Poseidon Gas Pipeline | Greece, Italy | Proposed | 2023 | 976.00 | Pre-FID |
As of 2021, Greece had one operating LNG import terminals with a capacity of 3.7 million tonnes per (mtpa) and another proposed one with of 4.49 mtpa.[44]
The Greek pipeline network, as of 2021 according to GFIT, can be seen on the map below:
Hydrogen
Green hydrogen production is listed as a goal to be promoted in Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan.[1] The 'European Hydrogen Backbone' report states an expectation that Greece may be exporting green hydrogen to the rest of Europe.[46]
The Greek NECP states "Hydrogen is a future solution, although it is currently at an early stage of development. It is noted that Greece has a significant track record in scientific investigation and research in the field of hydrogen production from RES”.[1] However, as the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU) report on "Opportunities arising from the inclusion of Hydrogen Energy Technologies in the National Energy & Climate Plans" notes, the Greek NECP "provides neither concrete hydrogen targets, nor hydrogen specific policies and measures."[47]
According to the FCH 2 JU report scenarios modeled in 2020, between 840 and 1,960 MW of offshore wind and 120 and 270 MW of solar PV would need to be dedicated to electrolyzers to supply industry, buildings, transport and power sectors with green hydrogen to avoid between .5 and 1.0 mt CO2 per year.[47]
Suspensions of Oil and Gas Exploration in Greece
According to the Fossil Fuel Policy Tracker, Greece does not have any fossil fuel related moratoria, limits, nor bans in place, as of November 2022.[48]
Seismic Surveys By Total, ExxonMobil and ELPE
In January 2022, a consortium of Total, ExxonMobil and ELPE decided not to proceed with seismic surveys in the two plots south and west of Crete, potentially indefinitely freezing its hydrocarbon explorations in those two marine plots.[36][49] The exploration was opposed by Greenpeace[50] and WWF-Greece[19], among others.
However, in April 2022, Greece announced it would "speed up gas exploration as it looks to cut its reliance on Russian energy" following the invasion of Ukraine. According to Reuters, Greece "views gas as a transition fuel as it ramps up renewables" and "Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis said the country aspires to become a gas producer and a hub for the storage and transfer of gas to the rest of Europe."[34]
According to Reuters, Greece is aiming to conclude "seismic surveys to identify any gas fields it could tap in one onshore and five offshore areas in western Greece and off the island of Crete by March 2023"[34] In April 2022, a senior executive of Greece's hydrocarbons commission said the country has "tentative recoverable gas reserves of more than 600 billion cubic metres."[37] In November 2022, Greece "paved the way" for Exxon to carry out the seismic survey off the Peloponnese peninsula and west and southwest of the island of Crete.[38]
Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance
Greece did not join the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (BOGA) at COP26 in 2021.[51][52]
Socio-Economic Impact of the Fossil Gas Industry
Workforce
According to estimates cited by the European Commission, in 2020 there were three (one fewer than 2019) enterprises in the "Extraction of Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas" sector, 43 (+7) in "Support Activities for Petroleum & Natural Gas Extraction" and 7,544 (+594) in "Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Supply." 80 (-22) people were employed in support activities for oil and gas extraction. 29,977 people were employed in the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector.[53][40]
Opposition to Fossil Gas Infrastructure
The Environmental Justice Atlas (EJA) lists a victory against imported coal plants by environmental justice organizations including World Wildlife Fund Hellas Chapter, Coalition Against Coal/Alliance Against Coal, Panaitoloakarnaniko Front for the Environment, Boeotians for the Environment, Greenpeace, and Active Citizens of Evia.[11][54] Citizens Against Coal launched the "Energy forum-Citizens Movement for Energy"in 2010.[11]
In 2021, Vrisoules's activism to "prevent the last untouched areas of our country being turned into oil and gas company playgrounds"[55] was highlighted by Deutsche Welle (DW).[56]
Extinction Rebellion along with over 130 environmental organizations[57] was active in a 2020 protest in Greece.[58]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 HELLENIC REPUBLIC- Ministry of the Environment and Energy (December 2019). "National Energy and Climate Plan" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Inman, Mason (April 2021). "EUROPE GAS TRACKER REPORT 2021" (PDF). GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Aitken, Greig (April 2022). "Europe Gas Tracker 2022". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Greece - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
- ↑ "Europe 2020 targets: statistics and indicators for Greece". European Commission. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "IEA Energy Atlas". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Energy Datasheets: EU Countries". view.officeapps.live.com. April 29, 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 EU Commission, DG Energy, Unit A4 (June 4, 2021). "Energy datasheets: EU countries". European Commission. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Greece Energy Situation - energypedia". energypedia.info. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "Ministry of the Environment and Energy (Greece)". Wikipedia. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Greek campaign to stop construction of coal plants 2008-2010 | Global Nonviolent Action Database". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ↑ "Παραγωγή Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας – Συμβατικά καύσιμα". Υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Σχετικά με τη ΡΑΕ". Rae Website (in Ελληνικά). Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "About us". IPTO. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "Δίκτυο Μεταφοράς". Rae Website (in Ελληνικά). Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "THE COMPANY". DEFSA. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "SHAREHOLDERS STRUCTURE DESFA S.A." DEFSA. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Investor Relations | PPC S.A." www.dei.gr. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Ibrahim, Dimitris (August 1, 2019). "10 facts about new oil and gas exploitation in Greece". www.wwfmmi.org. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Greece paves way for seismic surveys for gas off Crete". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- ↑ "Company profile". Protergia. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Electricity production". Protergia. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Power & Gas Business Unit - MYTILINEOS Website". www.mytilineos.gr. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "Installed power capacity by source Greece 2020 | Statista". Statista. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- ↑ "Electricity – installed generating capacity - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 "Greece - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Global Gas Plant Tracker". Global Energy Monitor. 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Ten-year Network Development Plan". IPTO. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 "2021 Statistical Review of World Energy" (PDF). BP. July 2021.
- ↑ "IEA Policies and Measures Database © OECD/IEA". IEA. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Energy consumption in Greece". Worlddata.info. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "A Fresh Look at the Oil and Gas Potential of Greece". GEO ExPro. 2014-03-31. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Vella, Heidi (August 16, 2019). "Could Greece beat the competition to become the major act in Eastern Med Gas?". Offshore Technology. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 "Greece speeds up gas exploration to help reduce Russia reliance". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- ↑ "GREECE". Energean. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 36.0 36.1 Sabah, Daily (2022-01-12). "Total, ExxonMobil consortium to end seismic surveys off Crete". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Greek recoverable gas reserves seen topping 600 bcm, commission says". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Greece paves way for seismic surveys for gas off Crete". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Στατιστικά". Rae Website (in Ελληνικά). Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 "EU energy in figures : statistical pocketbook 2022". op.europa.eu. corporate-body.ENER:Directorate-General for Energy. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "Operation Report of the NNGS for the Year 2020" (PDF). DEFSA. 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Kilometers of Gas Pipeline by Country and Project Status". Global Energy Monitor. November 15, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Gas Pipeline Capacity by Country and Project Status". Global Energy Monitor. December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker". Global Energy Monitor. January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Transportation network". www.snam.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
- ↑ "EUROPEAN HYDROGEN BACKBONE" (PDF). Gas for Climate 2050. July 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ 47.0 47.1 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU) (2020). "Greece: Study on Opportunities arising from the inclusion of Hydrogen Energy Technologies in the National Energy & Climate Plans" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Tracker". Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty. November 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Προς άδοξο τέλος οι έρευνες υδρογονανθράκων στην Κρήτη – Η κοινοπραξία ενημέρωσε την ΕΔΕΥ ότι δεν θα προχωρήσει ούτε τώρα σε σεισμικά". energypress.gr. 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ EST, Ayumi Davis On 12/15/21 at 4:35 PM (2021-12-15). "Greenpeace urges Greece to scrap deep-sea oil and gas exploration over endangered sea life". Newsweek. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "At COP26, 11 National and Subnational Governments Launch The Beyond Oil & Gas Alliance" (PDF). Beyond oil and gas alliance. November 10, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Who We Are". Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission) (2021). "EU energy in figures: Statistical pocketbook 2021". Publication Office of the European Union. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ EJOLT. "Movement against imported coal plants, Greece | EJAtlas". Environmental Justice Atlas. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
- ↑ "vrisoules: WHO WE ARE". vrisoules. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "In Greece, women activists sing and dance against oil and gas | DW | 01.04.2021". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "Greece: crowd gathers in Athens to protest new environmental legislation". Freedom News. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ↑ "Greek protesters accuse government of using coronavirus as cover to pass anti-environmental law". The Independent. 2020-05-07. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
