Italy and fossil gas

From Global Energy Monitor
This article is part of the Global Energy Monitor coverage of fossil gas
Sub-articles:

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), "gas is a critical energy source in Italy, accounting for almost half of electricity generation. It will continue to play a central role in power generation in the coming decade, particularly as coal-fired capacity is being phased out."[1]

Italy is a net importer of fossil gas. In 2017, it was the second-largest gas importer in Europe, and the third-largest consumer after Germany and the United Kingdom. Imported fossil gas accounts for more than 90 percent of the total gas supply in Italy[2] and Italy will remain dependent on imports for the foreseeable future.[1]

A majority of Italy's installed power capacity comes from thermal power plants, and in 2020, almost 80 percent of its total energy supply came from fossil fuels - with fossil gas making up the plurality of that number.[3] According to Ember, Italy is at risk of becoming the EU's largest producer of electricity from fossil gas by 2030.[4]

According to the Europe Gas Tracker, Italy had the third highest estimated future cost of infrastructure in 2022 and second in 2021.[5][6]

Fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)

In 2020, Italy derived 79.31% of its total energy supply from fossil fuels. Natural gas contributed the largest share to the total energy supply: 43.25% (up 4.76% from 2015), followed by oil: 32.54%( down 3.5% since 2015), biofuels: 10.81% (up 0.99% since 2015), wind and solar: 6.91% (up 0.92% since 2015), hydro: 2.97% (up 0.33% since 2015), and coal: 3.52% (down 3.50% since 2015).[3]

Total energy supply (TES) by source, Italy 1990-2020, according to the IEA.[7]

Italy is the only G8 country without a nuclear power plant; it closed its last reactor in 1990. Plans to generate more nuclear power were rejected.[8]

As of December 2021, Italy's National Energy and Climate Plan goal is for 55% of its electricity mix to come from renewables by 2030, significantly less than the 75% goals of Germany, Spain, and the Netherlands. According to Ember, "Unless plans are updated, Italy risks being one of the EU’s largest producers of electricity from fossil gas by 2030."[4]

Greenhouse gas emissions targets

In 2021, Italy produced 322.1 million tons of ghg emissions (carbon dioxide equivalent) from energy, 311.2 of which were carbon dioxide.[9]

As of 2020, Italy's per capita CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (4.7 tons annually) are among the top 30 highest in the world.[10]

In 2019, Italy produced 430.78 million tons of GHG emissions, 78% of which came from the energy sector.[11]

Compared to 1990 levels, GHG emissions in Italy are down 17.4% as of 2019.[11]

Italy's 2019 National Energy Plan, released in December 2019, set a target of a 33% reduction of emissions by 2030, significantly less the EU target of 55%. However, in March 2021, Ecology Minister Roberto Cingolani announced a new goal for Italy of cutting carbon emissions by around 60% by 2030.[12][13]

Government energy agencies & other key players

National energy agencies

Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA) is an Italian Government-sponsored research and development agency.

Permitting agencies

Ministero della Transizione Ecologica is the Italian environmental authority responsible for granting licenses for new power generation projects.

Regulatory agencies

The Italian Regulatory Authority for Energy, Networks and Environment (ARERA) is responsible for "regulatory and supervisory activities in the sectors of electricity, natural gas, water services, waste cycle and district heating."[14]

Electric utilities

Terna S.p.A. is is responsible for national electricity transmission management and development in Italy. It has a monopoly regime and on the basis of a government concession.[15]

Gas Utilities

Snam Rete Gas S.p.A (a subsidiary of Snam S.p.A.)[1] operates a gas pipeline system of between 32,000[1] and 32,500[16] km which is "almost all the gas transmission infrastructure in Italy"[16] -- 95%.[1]

Leading energy companies

Eni S.p.A., Enel S.p.A., and Edison S.p.A. (majority-owned by EDF) are among the largest private energy companies operating in Italy.

Electricity usage

Installed capacity

Gas plants in Italy, according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker.
Gas plants in Italy, according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker. Units are summed by status and shown proportionally to their capacity in MW. Units shown in brown are operational, those in red are proposed.

As of 2021, Italy's installed capacity totaled 118.4 GW, with 58.8 GW (49.66%) of coming from thermal plants, 24.20 GW (20.44%) from photovoltaics, 22.80 GW (19.26%) from hydro, 11.70 GW (9.88%) from wind and 0.90 GW (0.76%) from geothermal.[17]

As of 2020, Italy's installed capacity totaled 116.30 GW, with 59.50 GW (51.16%) of coming from thermal plants, 22.70 GW (19.52%) from hydro, 22.20 GW (19.09%) from photovoltaic, 11.10 GW (9.54%) from wind and 0.80 GW (0.69%) from geothermal.[18]

In 2016, Italy's installed capacity totaled 114.2 GW, ranking it 10th in the world.[19] 54% of that capacity came from fossil fuels, 14% from hydro, and 13% from other renewables (2017 estimate).[20]

65.7% of the countries combined heat and power (CHP) generation was fueled by fossil gas.[11]

The Montalto Di Castro power station, with 3,600 MW of capacity as of 2021,[21] is the largest operational gas-fired power plant in Italy and in Europe.[22]

Production

With 287.2 Twh of electricity produced in 2021, Italy ranked 4th in the Europe 2021.[23]

Electricity generation by fuel, Italy 2020 and 2021, per the BP[9]
2020 2021
Twh % Twh %
Oil 11.4 4.08 8.3 2.88
Natural Gas 133.7 47.65 146.4 50.98
Coal 15.1 5.37 14.5 5.06
Nuclear energy - 0.00 - 0.00
Hydro electric 45.7 16.30 43.1 14.99
Renewables 68.8 24.53 71.4 24.87
Other 5.8 2.06 3.5 1.21
Total 280.5 -- 287.2 --

Italy generated roughly 281 TWh of electricity in 2020, sourced 48.90% from fossil gas (up 9.73% compared to 2015), 17.25% from hydro (up 0.65% compared to 2015), 8.86% from solar PV (up 0.75% compared to 2015), 6.64% from wind (up 1.40% compared to 2015), 6.16% from biofuels (up 0.13% compared to 2015), 4.64% from coal (down 11.40% compared to 2015), 3.47% from oil (down 1.26% compared to 2015), and 4.08% from waste, geothermal and other sources.[24]

Electricity generation by source, Italy 1990-2020
Electricity generation by source, Italy 1990-2020, per the IEA[7]


As of 2016, 67% of Italy’s electricity production came from fossil fuels and 33% came from renewables (including hydro). At that time, Italy's National Energy Strategy called for renewables to surpass fossil gas as the primary fuel for electricity generation by 2020.[25]

Consumption

Italy consumed 295.9 TWh of electricity in 2020 (up 25.85% since 1990).[24] In 2016, Italy consumed 293.5 TWh, ranking it 13th in the world.[20]

Fossil Gas Production, Consumption, Sources and Projects in Italy

Domestic Production

In 2021, Italy produced 3.2 billion cubic meters of fossil gas, representing 0.1% of global gas production.[26][9]

Production of fossil gas in Italy, 2011-2021 in billion cubic meters. According to the 2022 bp Statistical Review[9]
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
8.0 8.2 7.4 6.8 6.4 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.6 3.9 3.2

Italy's 5.55 billion cubic feet of fossil gas production in 2017 made it the 50th largest producer in the world.[27][28]

Between 2011 and 2021, Italy's growth rate in fossil gas production is -8.9%.[9]

According to a 2010 journal article, most of the gas produced by Italy came from the northern Adriatic Sea, particularly the Cortemaggiore, Luna and Gagliano fields.[29] Politico cited "industry" in 2019, stating there was potential for "large offshore gas deposits in southern Italy."[30]

According to the Ministero dello sviluppo economico (Ministry of Economic Development) the breakdown of production by region and marine area of fossil gas in 2021 (up through November 2021) was as shown below:

National Production of Hydrocarbons (2021) by Region and Marine Areas[31]
Jan-Oct 2021 Production (Smc) Percent
Abruzzo 7,577,965 0.26%
Basilicata 964,726,385 33.22%
Calabria 4,275,088 0.15%
Emilia Romagna 108,990,321 3.75%
Lombardia 7,583,716 0.26%
Marche 4,620,304 0.16%
Molise 48,614,411 1.67%
Piemonte 5,774,218 0.20%
Puglia 41,741,602 1.44%
Sicilia 136,643,404 4.71%
Toscana 1,933,503 0.07%
Veneto 811,675 0.03%
(Total onshore) 1,333,292,592 45.92%
Zona A 855,858,772 29.48%
Zona B 473,104,516 16.29%
Zona C 3,109,146 0.11%
Zona D 238,289,898 8.21%
(Total offshore) 1,570,362,332 54.08%
Total 2,903,654,924 100.00%
map of the exploration and production licences, as well as offshore zone boundaries
A map of the exploration and production licences, as well as offshore zone boundaries, produced by the cartographic service of the DGISSEG Division III and published on the DGISSEG-UNMIG website. Retrieved from the Ministero dello sviluppo economico website[32].

Reserves

As of 2021, Italy held 45.76 billion cubic meters of proven fossil gas reserves.[33]

At the end of 2020, Italy held 1.5 trillion cubic feet of proven fossil gas reserves.[26][9]

According to the Ministry of Economic Development the fossil gas reserves as of December 31, 2019 were as shown below:

Natural gas reserves as at 31 December 2019, according to MISE[34]
Probable (P2) in million Sm3
Northern Italy 2,291
Central Italy 571
Southern Italy 24,037
Sicily 356
(Total onshore) 27,256
Zone A 5,287
Zone B 4,727
Zone C+D+F+G 8,633
(Total offshore) 18,646
Total 45,901

Consumption

In 2021, Italy consumed 72.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas, third in Europe (behind Germany and the UK).[26][9]

Consumption of fossil gas in Italy, 1965-2021 in billion cubic meters. According to the 2022 bp Statistical Review[9]

Imports & exports

Italy is 92.8 percent dependent on imports to satisfy its gas demand.[35] Italy imported 50.8 billion cubic meters of fossil gas in 2020 by pipeline. A plurality (39%) of which came from Russia.[26]

Natural gas imports vs. exports, Italy 1990-2020, according to the IEA[24]
Gross imports of natural gas in Italy in 2021, by country of origin. Via Statista[36]
Imports
Russia 29.2
Algeria 22.5
Azerbaijan 7.2
Qatar 6.9
Libya 3.2
Norway 2
Netherlands 0.3
Other 0.7

As of September 27, 2022, "Russian gas currently accounts for about 10% of Italian imports, down from around 40% before Russia invaded Ukraine in February [2022]."[37]

Italy imported 12.1 billion cubic meters of liquified natural gas in 2020, ranking fifth in Europe.[26]

In terms of total imports, Italy ranked third in Europe in 2020.[26]

Since at least 1990, Italy has not exported significant quantities of fossil gas.[24]

Transport

Proposed and Under Construction Pipelines in Italy as of October 2021, according to the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker[38]. Proposed plants are shown in yellow, under construction plants shown in red. See the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker Interactive Map for more information

As of 2020, Italy's network of natural gas pipelines spans about 41,000 kilometers.[39] With 1,482 km of pipeline projects in development, Italy ranked 20th in the world in terms of planned expansion by length in 2021.[40] With 567,660 BOE/d of pipeline projects in development, Italy ranked 11th in the world in terms of planned expansion by capacity in 2020.[41]

Natural gas imports to Italy arrive through six pipeline interconnection points (Tarvisio, Mazara del Vallo, Gries Pass, Gela, Melendugno and Gorizia), and three LNG terminals (Adriatic LNG Terminal, Panigaglia LNG Terminal and Toscana FSRU). 90 percent of imports come to Italy via pipeline.[1]

The estimated total cost of new gas transport infrastructure (pipelines and LNG terminals) was 10,028 million euros in 2021.[5]

As of October 2021, the main domestic gas transport projects in development were:

As of November 2022, the main gas international transport project in development were:

As of 2021, the longest operating pipeline in Italy, according to the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker, is the Trans-Mediterranean Gas Pipeline (2,475 km). The 2020 Italian Transportation Network can be seen on the map below, produced by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG), modified by GEM.

Map of the Italian gas transmission network from IEA.
Map of the Italian gas transmission network from the IEA[42]

Hydrogen

Map from the European Hydrogen Backbone report, showing the "Mature European Hydrogen" as expected by 2040.
Map from the European Hydrogen Backbone report, showing the "Mature European Hydrogen" as expected by 2040.[43] Blue lines show Hydrogen pipelines converted from NG, yellow show newly constructed pipelines, red dotted lines indicate "Possible additional routes"

According to the July 2020 "European Hydrogen Backbone" report, Italy will play a key role in the expected hydrogen pipeline network. Infrastructure developments are "likely to start" in the south of the country near Sicily and Puglia by 2030. Mostly these developments would consist of retrofitting existing fossil gas pipelines. The Industry report claims that the infrastructure will be "supplied with green hydrogen from regional renewable energy sources."[43]

By 2040, according to the 2020 report, either retrofitted fossil gas pipelines or new hydrogen pipelines are expected to bring hydrogen through Italy to support supply in northern European countries.[43]

In 2020, Italy launched a national hydrogen strategy which includes introducing "5 gigawatts of electrolyzing capacity to extract the gas from water over the 2021- 2030 period." After a 12 billion euro investment by 2030, Hydrogen could makeup two percent of Italy’s final energy demand. By 2050, that percentage raises to 20.[44] The two percent hydrogen goal includes applications such as "long-distance freight transport, heavy industry, refineries and blending into the gas grid."[45]

A 2021 article on the "Italian Hydrogen Strategy" argues that "Italy represents a very attractive market for the development of green hydrogen given its extensive existing renewable energy assets and country-wide gas transport network" and that the countries "central location in the Mediterranean it is ideally situated to become a hub for the hydrogen trade"[46]

The IEA's 2021 Hydrogen Projects Database lists 27 Italian projects, six of which were operating when that data was released.[47]

Suspensions of Oil and Gas Exploration in Italy

Coastline Ban

In 2015, following protests of thousands of people, Italy’s parliament banned oil and gas projects within 20km of the coast.[48]

2019 Temporary Moratorium

In February 2019, an 18-month moratorium on offshore oil and gas exploration was approved by the Italian Parliament. The populist '5Star Movement' was credited with a "rare victory over its right-wing coalition partners" by pushing through the ban. At that time, 73 existing exploration licenses and 84 pending requests for new licenses were impacted by the moratorium.[30] 1,000 people demonstrated in "a protest of 'yellow helmets'" referring to the safety gear worn by oil workers.[30]

A November 2019 article states that the moratorium included "73 existing exploration permits (47 onshore and 26 offshore), 79 pending applications for exploration permits, and five pending applications for non-exclusive offshore exploration permits."[49] The ban could be extended another 24 months in order for the government to "define the areas where exploration and production could be allowed in future."[49]

In February of 2021, a lawmaker who left the 5Star Movement to join the Green Party warned that the moratorium "might soon be discontinued under the pressure of the economic recovery plan."[50] The moratorium did in fact expire and the Italian government began granting new licenses once more in 2021.[51]

As of 2022, according to the The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Tracker, Italy has no fossil fuel related moratoria, bans or limits in place.[52]

Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance

In November of 2021, Italy joined the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (BOGA) launched at COP26 by Denmark and Costa Rica as a "friend."[53] Italy signed the BOGA Declaration which "supports a socially just and equitable global transition to align oil and gas production with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and commits the signatories to work together to facilitate effective measures to this end in line with the Paris Agreement and national climate neutrality targets."[54] Core members of the Alliance committed to ending new exploration permits and associate members "must demonstrate efforts towards an oil and gas phase-out, like ending fossil fuel subsidies",[55] as a "friend" Italy did not make those commitments.

Ending of Overseas Fossil Fuel Funding

In November of 2021, Italy signed a deal at COP26 to "end overseas financing for fossil fuels." According to Bloomberg News, "The pact isn’t binding and would still allow limited support for foreign fossil fuel ventures." Italy had initially said it was not signing the pledge.[56]

Social and Economic Impact of the Fossil Gas Industry

Workforce

According to estimates cited by the European Commission, in 2020 there were 11 enterprises in the "Extraction of Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas" sector, 40 in "Support Activities for Petroleum & Natural Gas Extraction" and 8,861 in "Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Supply." 0 people were employed directly in oil and gas extraction while an additional 1,527 were working in support activities. 91,444 people were employed in the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector.[35]

According to estimates cited by the European Commission, in 2019 there were 8 enterprises in the "Extraction of Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas" sector, 4 in "Support Activities for Petroleum & Natural Gas Extraction" and 8,861 in "Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Supply." 2,258 people were employed directly in oil and gas extraction while an additional 1,574 were working in support activities. 100,966 people were employed in the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector.[57]

In 2016, there were 8,400 people employed in oil and gas extraction and exploration, most of those workers reside in northern Italy, near the city of Ravenna.[30]

Opposition to Fossil Gas Infrastructure

EJAtlas lists the opposition to the Trans-Adriatic Gas Pipeline among the conflicts included in its dataset. The Environmental justice organizations involved in that opposition include Comitato No TAP, Cooperativa Il Delfino, Associazione Tramontana and Reazione.[58]

The Gastivists operate a platform "to unite people from diverse backgrounds and geographies in the struggle against gas and the reckless practices of corporations and financial institutions supporting it." Members from Italy include Re:Common, Movimento No TAP and Comitato NO TAP.[59] RISE UP 4 CLIMATE JUSTICE is also listed on the Gastivists Resistance Map in Italy.[60]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Italy Natural Gas Security Policy – Analysis - IEA". IEA. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  2. ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "IEA Policies and Measures Database © OECD/IEA". IEA. Retrieved January 3, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Brown, Sarah (December 9, 2021). "Gas-reliant Italy is lagging behind in Europe's race to renewables". Ember. Retrieved January 3, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Inman, Mason (April 2021). "EUROPE GAS TRACKER REPORT 2021" (PDF). GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR. Retrieved January 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ Aitken, Greig (April 2022). "Europe Gas Tracker 2022". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved November 10, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Italy - Countries & Regions - IEA". IEA. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  8. ↑ "Nuclear Energy in Italy : Italian Nuclear Power - World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 "Statistical Review of World Energy". bp. June 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ↑ "IEA Energy Atlas". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 2021-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 EU Commission, DG Energy, Unit A4 (June 4, 2021). "Energy datasheets: EU countries". European Commission. Retrieved January 5, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ↑ Staff, Reuters (2021-03-11). "Italy says it plans to cut carbon emissions by 60% by 2030". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-03. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  13. ↑ [europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/690663/EPRS_BRI(2021)690663_EN.pdf "Climate action in Italy: Latest state of play"] (PDF). European Parliament. 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2022. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ↑ "ARERA - Home page". www.arera.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  15. ↑ "Italian National Grid | Terna Driving Energy - Terna spa". www.terna.it (in italiano). Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "SNAM RETE GAS TRANSMISSION NETWORK - Snam Rete Gas Ten-year network development". pianodecennale.snamretegas.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  17. ↑ "Installed capacity". Terna. 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ↑ "Installed capacity - Terna spa". www.terna.it (in italiano). Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  19. ↑ "Electricity – installed generating capacity - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Italy - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  21. ↑ "Global Gas Plant Tracker". Global Energy Monitor. 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ↑ "Europe: largest operational gas plants by capacity". Statista. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  23. ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Italy - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  25. ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 "2021 Statistical Review of World Energy" (PDF). BP. July 2021.
  27. ↑ "Italy - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  28. ↑ "2020 Statistical Review of World Energy" (PDF). BP. June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ Bertello, Francesco (January 2010). "From thrust-and-fold belt to foreland: Hydrocarbon occurrences in Italy". The Geological Society – via ResearchGate.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "Italian clampdown on oil and gas exploration is a 5Star win". POLITICO. 2019-02-11. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  31. ↑ "PRODUZIONE NAZIONALE DI IDROCARBURI ‐ ANNO 2021" (PDF). Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico. December 3, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ "Carta dei titoli minerari". unmig.mise.gov.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  33. ↑ "Italy - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  34. ↑ "Riserve nazionali di idrocarburi". unmig.mise.gov.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "EU energy in figures : statistical pocketbook 2022". op.europa.eu. corporate-body.ENER:Directorate-General for Energy. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-11-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  36. ↑ "Italy: natural gas imports by country 2021 | Statista". Statista. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  37. ↑ "Italy Secures Enough Supplies for Winter Without Gas From Russia". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  38. ↑ "Transportation network". www.snam.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  39. ↑ "Transportation network". www.snam.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  40. ↑ "Kilometers of Gas Pipeline by Country and Project Status". Global Energy Monitor. November 15, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ↑ "Gas Pipeline Capacity by Country and Project Status". Global Energy Monitor. December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  42. ↑ "TYNDP | ENTSOG". www.entsog.eu. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Enagás, Energinet, Fluxys Belgium, Gasunie, GRTgaz, NET4GAS, OGE, ONTRAS, Snam, Swedegas, Teréga (July 2020). "European Hydrogen Backbone" (PDF). Gas for Climate. Retrieved January 5, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ↑ 7. "Italy Invests in Green Hydrogen". www.trade.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ↑ "National Hydrogen Strategy Preliminary Guidelines – Policies". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  46. ↑ Mazzei, Giannalberto (April 14, 2021). "THE ITALIAN HYDROGEN STRATEGY". Watson Farley & Williams. Retrieved January 4, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ↑ "Hydrogen Projects Database - Data product - IEA". IEA. Retrieved 2022-11-09.
  48. ↑ Dearden, Nick. "Corporate courts vs the environment". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Cholteeva, Yoana (November 19, 2019). "Shifting sands: mapping the areas turning on or off oil". Offshore Technology. Retrieved January 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ↑ "Lawmakers demand EU-wide offshore oil drilling ban". www.endseurope.com. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  51. ↑ "Domestic limits to fossil fuel production and expansion in the G20". Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  52. ↑ "The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Tracker". The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty. November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ↑ "At COP26, 11 National and Subnational Governments Launch The Beyond Oil & Gas Alliance" (PDF). Beyond oil and gas alliance. November 10, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ↑ "Who We Are". Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance. Retrieved January 4, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  55. ↑ November 11th 2021, John Woodside | Latest News | (2021-11-11). "Here are the countries that joined the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance". Canada's National Observer. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  56. ↑ "Italy to end overseas fossil fuel funding in late U-turn". Carbon Brief. Retrieved December 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ↑ Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission) (2021). "EU energy in figures: Statistical pocketbook 2021". Publication Office of the European Union. Retrieved December 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  58. ↑ Cavallini, Annalisa (2014). "Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) in Puglia, Italy". EJAtlas. Retrieved January 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  59. ↑ "Beyond Gas Network". Gastivists. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  60. ↑ "RESISTANCE MAP". Gastivists. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
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