Poland and fossil gas

From Global Energy Monitor
This article is part of the Global Energy Monitor coverage of fossil gas
Sub-articles:

Poland has some of the highest per capita CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Europe as of 2020. Most of its power generating capacity comes from coal-fired power plants, but it still had 2.78 GW of gas-fired capacity in 2020.

The country has plans for large expansions of its fossil gas infrastructure -- it had the fourth-highest estimated cost of future gas infrastructure in Europe as of 2022, according to the Europe Gas Tracker[1] -- as well as hydrogen.

It is a net importer of fossil gas, historically sourcing much of its supply from Russia. However, it has taken steps to reduce its reliance on Russia and increase its purchase of LNG. It produces around 4 billion cubic meters of fossil gas annually and has chosen not to ban fracking as some of its European counterparts have in order to increase its own domestic supply.

Fuel mix (fossil fuels vs renewables)

In 2020, Poland derived about 89% of its total energy supply from fossil fuels (41.13% from coal, and 29.93% from oil and 17.65% from fossil gas).[2] Less than two percent of Poland's total energy supply comes from renewables (1.69% from wind and solar, 0.19% from hydro). The remaining 9.40% comes from biofuels and waste.[2]

Poland was targeting having 15.0% of its gross final energy consumption (GFEC) come from renewables by 2020; in 2019 overall 12.2% of its GFEC came from renewables.[3]

Poland's National Energy and Climate plan for 2021-2030 set a goal of 21-23% share of renewable energy sources in GFEC by 2030 and a reduction of coal's share in electricity production to 56-60% (compared to its nearly 70% in 2020).[4]

Greenhouse gas emissions targets

As of 2020, Poland's per capita CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (7.0 tCO2) were fifth in Europe[5]

In 2019, Poland produced 393.97 million tons of GHG emissions -- about 82% of which came from the energy sector.[6]

Compared to 1990 levels, GHG emissions in Poland are down 17.3% as of 2019.[6]

In 2019, Poland released its National Energy and Climate plan for 2021-2030, it set the goal of a 7% reduction in GHG emissions in non-ETS sectors compared to 2005 levels by 2030.[4]

Government energy agencies & other key players

National energy agencies

The Ministry of Climate and Environment (Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska) "conducts a policy of sustainable development while preserving native natural resources and the Polish landscape."[7] It includes a Department of Energy and Gas, Department of Oil and Transport Fuels, Department of Geology and Licensing, and Department of Electromobility and Hydrogen Economy, among others.[8] The Ministry is responsible for conducting statistical research on the materials and fuels in the energy market, among others.[9]

Permitting agencies

The Energy Regulatory Office (URE/ERO) grants licenses for the production of fuels and generation of energy.[10]

Regulatory agencies

The Energy Regulatory Office (URE/ERO) is a part of the Polish government "responsible for regulation in energy sector as well as promotion of competition." The office was created out of The Energy Law Act of April 10, 1997.[11]

Electric utilities

State-owned Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne (PSE) owns and operates Poland's electricity transmission grid.[12]Its infrastructure includes 15,318 km of transmission lines.[13] It is the electricity TSO in Poland designated by the President of URE.[14]

Gas Utilities

Gaz-System is a 100 percent state-owned[15] gas TSO in Poland and the owner of the national transmission network.[16][17]

Share of particular groups in the volume of electricity fed into the grid in 2021 (considering the entity structure as of 31 December 2021). Data from the Ministry of Climate and Environment and URE published in the National Report of the President of URE 2022.[14]

Leading energy companies

According to the EIA, four companies control most the Polish electric power market: Polska Grupa Energetyczna (PGE), Tauron Polska Energia, Energa, and Enea.[12] PGE generated 42% of electricity fed into the grid in 2021, Tauron: 9%, and ENEA: 16%. Other companies' shares can be seen in the chart to the right.[14]

Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo S.A. (PGNiG SA) is one of the largest companies in Poland, the largest Polish oil and gas exploration and production company, and is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.[18] PGNiG is also the owner of special purpose companies -  Gas Storage Poland[19] and Polska Spółka Gazownictwa which distributes gas through nearly 200,000 km of pipelines in Poland.[20]

Electricity usage

Installed capacity

Gas-fired power plant units in Poland according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker
Gas-fired power plant units in Poland according to the Global Gas Plant Tracker, as of Jan 7, 2022. Condensed by status, shown proportionally to capacity in MW. Proposed units are shown in yellow, under construction units shown in red, and operating in brown. See the Global Gas Plant Tracker for more information.

As of 2020, Poland's installed capacity totaled 49.238 GW, with 2.78 GW (5.65%) coming from gas-fired power plants.[21][22] Compared to 2019, the total installed capacity of the national electricity system grew by 5.2%[14]

The installed capacity of gas-fired power plants grew by 19.7% (458 MW) between 2018 and 2019.[23]

In 2016, Poland's installed capacity totaled 38.11 GW, ranking it 28th in the world.[24] 79% of that capacity came from fossil fuels, 2% from hydro, and 19% from other renewable sources.[25]

13.6% of the country's combined heat and power (CHP) generation was fueled by fossil gas.[6]

According to PSE, the electricity transmission grid operator, the "important thermal power plants" are all coal-fired as of 2021. They are Belchatow power complex , Kozienice Power Plant, Opole power station, Turów power station, Polaniec power station, Rybnik power station, Dolna Odra power station , Jaworzno power station, Laziska power station, and Lagisza power station. [26]There are proposals for gas-fired expansions at Dolna Odra and Lagisza.

The Plock power station, with 630 MW of capacity as of 2021, is the largest operational gas-fired power plant in Poland.[27]

Production

Poland generated 157 TWh of electricity in 2020, sourced 10.63% from fossil gas. A majority (69.30%) of the power Poland produced came from coal. Wind accounted for 10.00%, biofuels- 5.14%. Hydro, solar, waste, and other sources accounted for 3.75%.[28]

With 156.9TWh of electricity produced, Poland ranked 25th in the world in 2019.[25]

In 2020, Poland generated 16.7 TWh of electricity using fossil gas, 1.9 TWh more than in 2019.[29]

Consumption

Poland consumed 162.25 TWh of electricity in 2020, up 30% from 1990.[2]

Poland consumed 149 TWh of electricity in 2016, 24th in the world.[25]

Poland consumed 106.0 GJ per capita in 2020.[29]

Fossil Gas Production, Consumption, Sources and Projects in Poland

Domestic Production

Map showing the locations of gas fields in Poland
The location of gas fields that have reserves data as of 2019 in Poland. Fields shown in brown are operating, fields in yellow are discovered, but not operating, according to the Global Oil and Gas Extraction Tracker.

Historical (bp) and projected (PGNiG) gas production from 2012 to 2024 shown below:

Historical gas production in bcm, according to bp statistical review 20222.[30] Natural gas production forecast for 2021-2024, converted to high-methane gas with a calorific value of 39.5 MJ/m3 (in billion m3 ) according to PGNiG[31]
Historical Projected
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.9

In 2021, Poland produced 3.9 billion cubic meters of fossil gas, representing 0.1% of global gas production.[29][30] In 2019, Poland's 3.43 Mtoe of fossil gas represented approximately 0.06% of the nation's 59.67 Mtoe of energy produced.[6]

Poland's 5.748 billion cubic meters of fossil gas production in 2017 made it the 49th largest producer in the world.[25]

Between 2009 and 2019, Poland's growth rate in fossil gas production was -0.7%.[29]

Reserves

At the end of 2020, Poland held 2.6 trillion cubic feet of proven fossil gas reserves.[29][30]

Poland's shale gas reserves were estimated to be between 346 billion to 768 billion cubic meters prior to the first production in the mid-2010s.[32]

Przemyśl Gas Field is the largest in Poland. Originally estimated at 74 billion cubic meters of gas, by 2019 the field had produced 65 billion cubic meters. However, in 2018 an additional play was discovered, PGNiG estimated that a 20 billion cubic meters of gas could be extracted from the field.[33]

Consumption

In 2021, Poland consumed 23.2 billion cubic meters of fossil gas, the ninth most in Europe.[30]

Poland's fossil gas consumption between 2009 and 2021 is shown below (in billions of cubic meters):

Natural gas: Consumption in billion cubic meters according to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022[29][30]
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
15.1 16.2 16.5 17.4 17.4 17.0 17.1 18.3 19.2 19.9 20.9 21.1 23.2

Imports & exports

Poland's fossil gas imports and exports from 2006-2019 are shown below (in Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (Mtoe)):

Polish imports and exports of fossil gas in Mtoe, per the EU Commission.[6][34]
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Imports 8.94 8.29 9.16 8.16 8.91 9.66 10.04 10.27 9.71 9.99 12.19 13.03 13.08 14.47 14.47
Exports 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.72 1.02 0.56 1.10 0.82

Poland imported 14.64 Mtoe of fossil gas in 2019, ranking 8th in the European Union.[6]

Poland exported 0.58 Mtoe of fossil gas in 2019, ranking 8th in the European Union.[6]

As of 2020, Poland received more than half the gas it consumed from Russia.[35] However, the Polish government "has taken steps to reduce [the country's] reliance" on Russian gas. It has "significantly increased LNG purchases via its terminal in Swinoujscie on the Baltic Sea following PGNiG deals with Qatar and the United States."[36]

According to 2019 reporting, Poland did not want to re-sign its long-term contact with Russia’s Gazprom. Poland’s plenipotentiary for strategic energy infrastructure was quoted stating the "so-called take-or-pay contract," was why Poland wished not to extend its deal: "we have to pay for the gas whether we take it or not and the price is absolutely uncompetitive."[36]

Transport

As of 2020, Poland's network of natural gas pipelines spans 11,741 km. The system consists of two cooperating systems: the Transit Gas Pipeline System (Yamal-Europe Gas Pipeline) and the National Transmission System (including both high-methane and nitrogen rich systems).[37]

With 2,144 km of pipeline projects in development, Poland ranked 16th in the world in terms of planned expansion by length in 2021.[38] With 167,733 BOE/d of pipeline projects in development, Poland ranked 26th in the world in terms of planned expansion by capacity in 2020.[39]

The estimated total cost of new gas transport infrastructure (pipelines and LNG terminals) was 9,721 million euros in 2021.[40]

As of August 2021, Poland had 1,219 km of domestic gas transport pipeline projects in development.[41]

As of September 2021, the main gas international pipeline transport projects in development were:

Pipelines running internationally through Poland, in-development as of August 2021, according to the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker.[41]
Pipeline name Countries Status as of August 2021 Expected Start Year Length (KM) FID Status
Baltic Pipe Project Denmark, Sweden, Poland Construction 2022 612.50 FID
Gas Interconnection Poland-Lithuania Poland, Lithuania Construction 2022 508.00 FID
Poland-Slovakia Gas Pipeline Poland, Slovakia Construction 2022 165.00 FID
Poland-Ukraine Interconnector Gas Pipeline Poland, Ukraine Proposed 2022 110.00 Pre-FID

As of 2021, there was one operating LNG terminal (Świnoujście Polskie LNG Terminal) in Poland and at least 6 Mtpa of new import capacity under development.[41]

The Baltic Pipe Project is a part of the Polish government’s “Northern Gate” project designed to replace supplies from Russia with supplies from the West.[42] The Świnoujście Polskie LNG Terminal Expansions are part of the same project.[43]

As of 2021, the longest operating pipeline in Poland, according to the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker (GFIT), is the Yamal-Europe Gas Pipeline. The pipeline is 1,660 km long; 683 km of it runs through Poland. The Polish pipeline network, as of 2021 according to GFIT, can be seen on the map below:

Proposed, under construction and operating pipelines and in-development LNG Terminals in Poland as of 2021, according to the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker[44]. Proposed pipelines are shown in yellow, under construction plants shown in red, and operating in brown. See the Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker Interactive Map for more information

Hydrogen

As of the 2021 release of the IEA Hydrogen Projects Database, there were 15 hydrogen projects in the Poland, two of which were operating.[45]

In 2020, Poland accounted for nine percent of the total hydrogen consumption in Europe, placing it in the top four largest consumers.[46]

Poland is one of the major hydrogen producers in Europe, producing around one million tons in 2015. As of 2021, almost all of the hydrogen Poland produced was "grey hydrogen" -- meaning it is produced by fossil fuels.[46]

PGNiG announced a plan in 2020 for five projects over five years at a cost of 8 million dollars (7 million euros) related to hydrogen. According to the United States International Trade Administration, PGNiG "has started working on projects for the use of hydrogen in the energy and automotive sectors" and will "investigate the possibilities of hydrogen storage and transport through the gas network."[47]

The Ministry of Climate and Environment submitted a draft of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy in October of 2021. The plan sets "ambitious targets" according to the IEA.[48] It envisions six objective categories: 1) the implementation of hydrogen technologies in the energy sector, 2) hydrogen as an alternative fuel in transport, 3) hydrogen's use in supporting industrial decarbonization, 4) hydrogen production in new installations, 5) the efficient and safe transmission of hydrogen and 6) the creation of a stable regulatory environment. Subgoals are included on a near (by 2025) and medium (by 2030) term bases. Among the goals for the energy sector by 2025 are the co-combustion of hydrogen in fossil gas-fired turbines and investigating the use of salt caves for hydrogen storage, among others. The plan also envisions 2,000 hydrogen powered buses by 2030, the installation of 2 GW of power to gas (electrolysis) plants, the retrofitting of fossil gas pipelines to carry hydrogen, the creation of new hydrogen pipelines and hydrogen powered steel making.[46][48]

Suspensions of Oil and Gas Exploration in Poland

As of November 2022, according to the The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Tracker, Italy has no gas related moratoria, bans or limits in place.[49]

In 2012, Reuters reported that Poland had no plans to emulate other "European countries that introduced moratoriums on shale gas exploration and will continue its efforts to tap unconventional energy sources to limit its dependence on costly Russian supplies."[50]

Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance

Poland did not join the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance (BOGA) at COP26 in 2021.[51][52]

Socio-Economic Impact of the Fossil Gas Industry

Workforce

According to estimates cited by the European Commission, in 2020 there were 23 enterprises in the "Extraction of Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas" sector, seven in "Support Activities for Petroleum & Natural Gas Extraction" and 3,938 in "Electricity, Gas, Steam & Air Conditioning Supply." 3,913 people were employed in support activities for oil and gas extraction 151,824 people were employed in the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector.[3][53]

Opposition to Fossil Gas Infrastructure

The Environmental Justice Atlas (EJA) lists the victory of Farmer Protest and Occupy Chevron over Chevron at the Zurawlow shale gas field in 2015 as an example of resistance to fossil fuel projects in Norway. Protestors occupied a location Chevron fenced for fracking for around 400 days. Ultimately Chevron backed away and the project was cancelled.[54]

EJA also lists the Polish Climate Coalition, BankWatch, Polish Green Network, Food & Water Europe, Polish Boell Foundation as environmental justice organizations active in Poland.[55]

The Gastivists operate a platform "to unite people from diverse backgrounds and geographies in the struggle against gas and the reckless practices of corporations and financial institutions supporting it." Gastivists Polska is the Polish representative of the Gastivists.[56]

References

  1. ↑ Aitken, Greig (April 2022). "Europe Gas Tracker 2022". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved November 10, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "IEA Policies and Measures Database © OECD/IEA". IEA. Retrieved January 3, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Directorate-General for Energy (European Commission) (2021). "EU energy in figures: Statistical pocketbook 2021". Publication Office of the European Union. Retrieved December 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Krajowy plan na rzecz energii i klimatu na lata 2021-2030 - Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska - Portal Gov.pl". Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska (in polski). Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  5. ↑ "IEA Energy Atlas". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 2021-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 EU Commission, DG Energy, Unit A4 (June 4, 2021). "Energy datasheets: EU countries". European Commission. Retrieved January 5, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ "Portal Gov.pl". Gov.pl (in polski). Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  8. ↑ "Departments - Ministry of Climate and Environment - Gov.pl website". Ministry of Climate and Environment. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  9. ↑ "Badania statystyczne - Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska - Portal Gov.pl". Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska (in polski). Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  10. ↑ ENERGY REGULATORY OFFICE (January 2020). "INFORMATION PACKAGE FOR COMPANIES INTENDING TO CONDUCT BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY" (PDF). ure.gov. Retrieved January 7, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ↑ Office, Energy Regulatory. "President's duties". Energy Regulatory Office. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  13. ↑ "PSE's role in the power sector". raport.pse.pl. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "National Report of the President of URE 2021" (PDF). URE.gov. July 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ↑ "GAZ-SYSTEM S.A.: History". en.gaz-system.pl. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  16. ↑ "1.1. GAZ-SYSTEM S.A." www.gaz-system.pl. Retrieved 2022-01-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ↑ "Gaz-System". Wikipedia. February 2, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ↑ "PGNiG". Wikipedia. 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ↑ "Gas Storage Poland". Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  20. ↑ "Polska Spółka Gazownictwa". www.psgaz.pl. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  21. ↑ 75. "Poland - Energy Sector". www.trade.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ "Stable operation of the national power system". PSE Report. 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ Office, Energy Regulatory. "2019 Electricity Market Characteristics". Energy Regulatory Office. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  24. ↑ "Electricity – installed generating capacity - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 "Poland - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ↑ "PSE's role in the power sector". raport.pse.pl. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  27. ↑ "Global Gas Plant Tracker". Global Energy Monitor. 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ "Poland - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 "2021 Statistical Review of World Energy" (PDF). BP. July 2021.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 "bp Statistical Review of World Energy". bp. June 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ "Natural gas and crude oil production forecast for 2021-2024" (PDF). December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ Staff, Reuters (2012-05-08). "Poland has no plans for shale gas moratorium". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-07. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  33. ↑ "PGNiG confirms production potential of Poland's largest gas field". Euro-Petrole. July 19, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ↑ "Energy Datasheets: EU Countries". view.officeapps.live.com. April 29, 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ↑ Radio Free Europe (March 31, 2020). "Poland State Gas Distributor Says It Wins $1.5 Billion From Russia's Gazprom In Price Dispute". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved January 6, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Staff, Reuters (2019-09-06). "LNG contracted by Poland's PGNiG 20-30% cheaper than Russian gas -minister". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-06. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  37. ↑ United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (2021). "INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE-POLAND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND GAS MARKETS" (PDF). ENERGY SECURITY PROJECT. Retrieved January 6, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ↑ "Kilometers of Gas Pipeline by Country and Project Status". Global Energy Monitor. November 15, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ↑ "Gas Pipeline Capacity by Country and Project Status". Global Energy Monitor. December 21, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
  40. ↑ Inman, Mason (April 2021). "EUROPE GAS TRACKER REPORT 2021" (PDF). GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR. Retrieved January 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker". Global Energy Monitor. January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ↑ Gotev, Georgi (2016-10-18). "Poland puts hopes in 'Northern Gate' gas pipeline". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  43. ↑ Elliot, Stuart; Easton, Adam (2019-04-24). "Poland sets plan to install new LNG import terminal in 2024/2025". www.spglobal.com. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  44. ↑ "Transportation network". www.snam.it. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  45. ↑ "Hydrogen Projects Database - Data product - IEA". IEA. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Gawlik, Lidia; Mokrzycki, Eugeniusz (October 6, 2021). "Analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy in the Context of the EU's Strategic Documents on Hydrogen". Energies. 14 – via MDPI.
  47. ↑ 7. "Poland Long-term Hydrogen Project". www.trade.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Polish Hydrogen Strategy (Draft) – Policies". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  49. ↑ "The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Tracker". The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty. November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ↑ Staff, Reuters (2012-05-08). "Poland has no plans for shale gas moratorium". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-07. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  51. ↑ "At COP26, 11 National and Subnational Governments Launch The Beyond Oil & Gas Alliance" (PDF). Beyond oil and gas alliance. November 10, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ↑ "Who We Are". Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance. Retrieved January 4, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ↑ "EU energy in figures : statistical pocketbook 2022". op.europa.eu. corporate-body.ENER:Directorate-General for Energy. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  54. ↑ EJOLT. "Zurawlow shalegas field and Chevron withdrawal, Poland | EJAtlas". Environmental Justice Atlas. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  55. ↑ EJOLT. "Polska BNK Petroleum Fracking, Poland | EJAtlas". Environmental Justice Atlas. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  56. ↑ "Beyond Gas Network". Gastivists. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
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