Power Sector Transition in Mediterranean/North Africa

From Global Energy Monitor

Introduction

For the purposes of campaign planning, the Mediterranean countries captured in this page are Spain, France, Italy, Turkiye, Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. This was determined based on existing renewable planning, as well as the presence of active campaigners on the ground.

Symbolic Importance

The Mediterranean region is a hotspot for climate change, which is "warming faster than the global average... at rates about 20% above global means."[1] While islands in the Mediterranean are highly at-risk of sea level rise, locations like El Hierro, Spain are leaders in self-sufficiency.[2]

Current System Description

Current Power Capacity Mix

Total regional operating capacity
Data compiled from Global Energy Monitor's Power Trackers.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
Energy Source Installed Capacity
Solar 50,545.5 MW
Wind 79,598.1 MW
Nuclear 71,448.0 MW
Oil and Gas 178,294.4 MW
Coal 34,684.7 MW
Hydropower 71,131.0 MW
Bioenergy 1,551.0 MW
Geothermal 1,586.0 MW
Total 488,838.7 MW

According to Global Energy Monitor's power sector trackers, the Mediterranean region is dominated by oil and gas, though wind and solar are growing in their respective shares. France and Spain are the only nations covered in this page that have operating nuclear capacity, with Türkiye and Egypt currently developing nuclear assets.[11]

Image contains a stacked bar chart and data table illustrating the installed operating capacity of a select few Mediterranean countries broken down by generation type. The countries included are Egypt, France, Italy, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, and Türkiye. Chart values are as follows: Egypt: Hydropower (2,778 MW), Oil and Gas (52,522.2 MW), Wind (1,641 MW), Solar (2,105 MW) France: Hydropower (17,434 MW), Bioenergy (348 MW), Nuclear (64,040 MW), Coal (2,029 MW), Oil and Gas (49,688.7 MW), Wind (24,985.1 MW), Solar (10,765.2 MW) Italy: Hydropower (13,242 MW), Geothermal (400 MW), Bioenergy (590 MW), Coal (5,190 MW), Oil and Gas (49,688.7 MW), Wind (9,989 MW), Solar (4,807.5 MW) Morocco: Hydropower (1,395 MW), Coal (4,092 MW), Oil and Gas (1,901 MW), Wind (1,291 MW), Solar (740 MW) Spain: Hydropower (13,448 MW), Bioenergy (493 MW), Nuclear (7,408 MW), Coal (2,900.5 MW), Oil and Gas (30,395.3 MW), Wind (29,485.4 MW), Solar (29,270.5 MW) Tunisia: Oil and Gas (5,771 MW), Wind (253 MW), Solar (54.8 MW) Türkiye: Hydropower (22,834 MW), Geothermal (1,186 MW), Bioenergy (120 MW), Coal (20,473.2 MW), Oil and Gas (26,955 MW), Wind (11,953.6 MW), Solar (2,802.5 MW)
Operating capacity in select Mediterranean countries. Scope includes Egypt, France, Italy, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia, and Türkiye. Data from Global Energy Monitor's Power Sector Trackers.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Prospective Power Capacity

Prospective Power Capacity by Mediterranean Country. Only priority countries are included.[11]
Egypt
Announced Pre-construction Construction Total
Solar 5,100 MW 14,090 MW 1,430 MW 20,620 MW
Wind 10,000 MW 35,563 MW 2,512 MW 48,075 MW
Nuclear 0 MW 0 MW 4,800 MW 4,800 MW
Oil and Gas 125 MW 0 MW 2,550 MW 2,675 MW
Hydropower 0 MW 0 MW 2,400MW 2,400 MW
Bioenergy 100 MW 30 MW 0 MW 130 MW
Total 15,325 MW 49,683 MW 13,692 MW Grand Total: 78,700 MW
France
Announced Pre-construction Construction Total
Solar 2,298.2 MW 726.4 MW 427.7 MW 3,452.3 MW
Wind 8,772 MW 8,750.1 MW 1,759.6 MW 19,281.7 MW
Nuclear 6,600 MW 3,300 MW 1,650 MW 11,550 MW
Bioenergy 0 MW 130 MW 64 MW 194 MW
Total 17,670.2 MW 12,906.5 MW 3,901.3 MW Grant Total: 34,478 MW
Italy
Announced Pre-construction Construction Total
Solar 1,850.8 MW 2,450.6 MW 742.1 MW 5,043.5 MW
Wind 16,727.5 MW 29,463.6 MW 175.2 MW 46,366.3 MW
Oil and Gas 0 MW 7,224.6 MW 1,393.2 MW 8,617.8 MW
Hydropower 0 MW 270 MW 0 MW 270 MW
Total 18,578.3 MW 39,408.8 MW 2,310.5 MW Grant Total: 60,297.6 MW
Morocco
Announced Pre-construction Construction Total
Solar 12,500 MW 15,229 MW 1,321 MW 29,050 MW
Wind 17,500 MW 7,773 MW 698 MW 25,971 MW
Oil and Gas 3,700 MW 0 MW 457 MW 4,157 MW
Hydropower 600 MW 0 MW 335 MW 935 MW
Total 34,300 MW 23,002 MW 2,811 MW Grand Total: 60,113 MW
Spain
Announced Pre-construction Construction Total
Solar 19,577.2 MW 86,762.5 MW 7,771.2 MW 114,110.9 MW
Wind 6,089.4 MW 33,956.8 MW 1,710.5 MW 41,756.7 MW
Oil and Gas 0 MW 494 MW 0 MW 494 MW
Bioenergy 0 MW 0 MW 146 MW 146 MW
Total 210 MW 2,447 MW 200 MW 2,857 MW
Tunisia
Announced Pre-construction Construction Total
Solar 800 MW 5,292 MW 420 MW 6,512 MW
Wind 525 MW 75 MW 30 MW 630 MW
Oil and Gas 0 MW 900 MW 0 MW 900 MW
Hydropower 400 MW 0 MW 0 MW 400 MW
Total 1,725 MW 6,267 MW 450 MW 8,442 MW
Türkiye
Announced Pre-construction Construction Total
Solar 1,767.4 MW 377.5 MW 1,350.2 MW 3,495.1 MW
Wind 0 MW 2,756 MW 691 MW 3,447 MW
Oil and Gas 0 MW 0 MW 890 MW 890 MW
Coal 1000 MW 3,608 MW 145 MW 4,753 MW
Nuclear 9,900 MW 0 MW 4,800 MW 14,700 MW
Geothermal 35 MW 364 MW 19 MW 399 MW
Hydropower 737 MW 2,338 MW 160 MW 3,235 MW
Total 13,439.4 MW 9,443.5 MW 8,055.2 MW Grant Total: 30,938.1 MW

Renewables in the Mediterranean and North Africa

Renewable Targets

Spain: Spain increased its 2030 renewable energy targets in 2023. The country now aims to install 57 gigawatts (GW) of utility-scale solar PV; 5 GW of solar thermal; 19 GW of residential, commercial, and industrial "self consumption" solar PV; 59 GW of onshore wind, and 3 GW of offshore wind by 2030.[12]

France: France established a target of 55% emissions reduction by 2030 and net zero by 2050.[13] France's non-emissions trading reduction target is -36% compared to 2005 levels, and an estimated 32% of France's energy consumption in 2030 is expected to come from renewable sources.[14]

Italy: By 2030, Italy aims to have 30% of its total energy consumption (and 55% of electricity consumption) generated from renewable resources. Italy is targeting carbon neutrality by 2050.[15]

Türkiye: In the country's National Energy Plan, the Government of Türkiye estimates that 24.6 GW of onshore wind, 5 GW of offshore wind, 52.9 GW of solar power, 35.1 GW of hydropower, and 5.1 GW of geothermal and biomass power plants will be installed by 2035.[16]

Egypt: By 2035, Egypt is expected to have 42% of its electricity generation powered from renewable resources.[17] In October 2024, Egypt reduced its 2040 renewable energy target from 58% to 40% of total energy share.[18]

Tunisia: In 2022, Tunisia increased its renewable energy target to 35% of total energy generation by 2030. To achieve this goal, the Country plans to invest TND 900 million/year (~USD $294 million/year) to develop more than 4 GW of renewable energy projects by 2030.[19] In addition, the Tunisian Solar Plan (TSP) outlines the following renewable energy installed capacity targets by 2030:[20]

  • 1,755 MW of wind
  • 1,510 MW of solar PV
  • 450 MW of concentrated solar power


Morocco: Morocco currently imports ~90% of its total energy need, and renewable energy will play a large role in the Country achieving greater energy independence and security. By 2030, Morocco intends to have 52% of total installed capacity be renewable,[21] broken down as 20% solar, 20% wind, and 12% hydropower.[22]

Major Renewable Projects

In-development low-carbon energy projects in priority Mediterranean countries.[11]
Solar
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Morocco AMUN solar farm 7,500 MW Announced
Morocco Morocco-UK Solar Power 7,000 MW Pre-Construction
Morocco Total Eren-Guelmim-Oued Noun Solar 5,000 MW Pre-Construction
Spain HyDeal España solar farm, Phase 1 4,800 MW Announced
Egypt Fortescue Green Hydrogen solar farm 4,600 MW Announced
Wind
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Egypt ACWA wind farm 10,000 MW Announced
Egypt Masdar-Infinity wind farm 8,000 MW Pre-Construction
Morocco AMUN wind farm 7,500 MW Announced
Egypt West Sohag wind farm 5,000 MW Pre-Construction
Morocco Total Eren-Guelmim-Oued Noun wind farm 5,000 MW Announced
Nuclear
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Türkiye İğneada nuclear power plant, Phases 1-4 5,300 MW Announced
France Penly nuclear power plant, Phases 3-4 3,300 MW Pre-Construction
France Gravelines nuclear power plant, Phases 7-8 3,300 MW Announced
France Bugey nuclear power plant, Phases 6-7 3,300 MW Announced
France Flamanville nuclear power plant, Phase 3 1,650 MW Construction
Geothermal
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Türkiye Germencik geothermal power plant 170 MW Pre-Construction
Türkiye Kızıldere-4 geothermal power plant 60 MW Pre-Construction
Türkiye Alaşehir 3 geothermal power plant 50 MW Pre-Construction
Türkiye Greeneco Sarayköy geothermal plant, Phase 7 49 MW Pre-Construction
Türkiye Tekkehamam 2 geothermal power plant 35 MW Pre-Construction
Hydropower
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Egypt Gabal Ataqah hydroelectric plant 2,400 MW Construction
Spain Aguayo II hydroelectric plant 1,000 MW Pre-Construction
Türkiye Eğirdir Golunde hydroelectric plant 1,000 MW Pre-Construction
Spain P-Phes Navaleo hydroelectric plant 552 MW Pre-Construction
Türkiye Pervari hydroelectric plant 409 MW Pre-Construction
Operating low-carbon energy projects in priority Mediterranean countries.[11]
Solar
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Spain Cifuentes-Trillo solar farm 626 MW Operating
Spain Francisco Pizarro solar farm 553 MW Operating
Spain Núñez De Balboa solar farm 500 MW Operating
Spain Mula Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant 494 MW Status4
Spain Trillo Node solar farm 338 MW Operating
Wind
Country Project Name Capacity Status
France Fecamp wind farm 498 MW Operating
France Saint-Brieuc wind farm 496 MW Operating
France Yeu And Noirmoutier wind farm 496 MW Operating
France Saint Nazaire wind farm 480 MW Operating
Spain GECAMA wind farm 329.2 MW Operating
Nuclear
Country Project Name Capacity Status
France Paluel nuclear power plant, Units 1-4 5,528 MW Operating
France Civaux nuclear power plant, Units 1-2 3,122 MW Operating
France Chooz nuclear power plant, Units B-1 and B-2 3,120 MW Operating
France Flamanville nuclear power plant, Units 1-2 2,764 MW Operating
France Penly nuclear power plant 2,764 MW Operating
Geothermal
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Türkiye Kızıldere-3 geothermal power plant, Phases 1-2 166 MW Operating
Italy Valle Secolo geothermal power plant, Phases 1-2 120 MW Operating
Türkiye Kızıldere-2 geothermal power plant 80 MW Operating
Italy Farinello geothermal power plant 60 MW Operating
Italy Nuova Serrazzano geothermal power plant 60 MW Operating
Hydropower
Country Project Name Capacity Status
Türkiye Ataturk hydroelectric plant 2,405 MW Operating
Egypt Aswan High Dam hydroelectric plant 2,100 MW Operating
Türkiye Karakaya hydroelectric plant 1,800 MW Operating
France Grand Maison hydroelectric plant 1,713 MW Operating
Türkiye Keban hydroelectric plant 1,330 MW Operating

Potential of Renewables

add more for other energy sources

Offshore Wind

The Mediterranean has substantial technical offshore wind potential (an estimated 1,135.5 GW total). In particular, Tunisia, Italy, Libya, and Greece have a total technical potential of 782 GW, with Tunisia and Italy having installation potentials of 183.8 GW and 206.8 GW, respectively. France has the lowest levelized cost of energy at 67.5 €/MWh, followed by Tunisia at 76.7 €/MWh.[23] Given the sea basin's depth, the Mediterranean will likely see a majority of floating offshore wind installations rather than fixed bottom. Installed floating offshore wind could reach 12 GW by 2030 and 40 GW by 2050, by some estimates.[24]

Potential impacts from renewables expansion

Offshore wind in particular poses risk of impacts to the environment and maritime industries. With regards to environmental impacts, offshore wind may create noise and electromagnetism pollution that can aggravate species, in particular cetaceans like whales and dolphins. Turbines may alter the number, distribution, and composition of fish species near project areas and may hinder migration. That said, turbines can create foundations for shellfish, creating a base for ecosystem food webs. Fishers may be displaced, particularly during construction, though early and ongoing consultations can support economic stability in affected communities.[25]

Fossil Fuels in the Mediterranean and North Africa

Fossil Resources and Retirement

Coal and Oil & Gas retirements in priority Mediterranean countries[7][6]
Country Retired Power Plants Total Capacity Retired (MW)
Egypt Ataka Steam power plant, Units ST1-ST2
Cairo South power plant, Units 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, and 2-1
New Damietta power plant, Units GT1-GT2
Talkha power plant, Unit 1-1
Talkha Steam power plant, Units St1-ST2		 Oil & Gas: 1,755 MW
France Albi power station
Blénod power station, Units 1-4
Bois-Rouge power station, Units 1-2
Bouchain power station, Unit 2
Emile Huchet power station, Units 4-5
Hornaing-B power station
La Maxe power station, Units 1-2
La Poterne power station
Le Havre power station, Phase 2 Units 1,2, and 4
Loire-Sur-Rhone power station, Unit 2
Lucy-3 power station, Unit 1
Provence power station, Units 4-5
Vaires power station, Units 1-2
Vitry power station, Units 3-4		 Coal: 6,727 MW
Oil & Gas: 42 MW
Italy Andrea Palladio power station, Units1-2
Brescia power station, Unit 3
Brindisi Nord power station, Units 1-2
Brindisi Sud power station, Unit 2
Enel Genova power station, Units 3,4 and 6
La Spezia power station, Unit 5
Pietrafitta power station, Units 1-2
Pietro Vannucci power station, Units 1-2
Porto Marghera Enel power station, Units 2-3
Santa Barbara power station, Units 1-2
Vado Ligure power station, Units 1,3, and 4
Arjowiggins Mill power station, Unit 1
Tavazzano power station, Unit GT8
 Coal: 4,834 MW
Oil & Gas: 320 MW
Morocco Jerada power station, Units 1-3
 Coal: 165 MW
Spain Alcúdia power station, Phase 2 Units 1-2
Anllares power station, Unit 1
As Pontes power station, Units 3-4
Bahia de Algeciras power station, Unit 1-2
Cercs power station, Unit 1
Compostilla power station, Units1-5
Escatrón 3 power station, Unit 5
Escucha power station, Unit 1
La Robla Fenosa power station, Units 1-2
Lada power station, Units 2-4
Litoral de Almería power station, Units 1-2
Meirama power station, Unit 1
Narcea power station, Units 1-3
Pasajes power station, Unit 1
Puente Nuevo power station, Units 1-3
Puertollano IGCC power station
Puertollano power station
Soto de Ribera power station, Units 1-2
Teruel power station, Units 1-3
Torrelavega Mill power station, Unit S1
Velilla del Río Carrión power station, Units 1-2
Jinamar power station, Units ST4-ST5
Torrelavega power station, Units 1-2		 Coal: 10,892.1 MW
Oil & Gas: 203 MW

Current impacts from fossil fuels

Environmental Impacts of Climate Change in the Mediterranean[2]
Environmental event Year of event Afflicted countries Impact
Floods 2023 Italy
Greece
Spain
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Slovenia		 Landslides
Infrastructural damage
Droughts 2021-2023 Morocco
Algeria
Spain
Southern France
Northern Italy		 Strained water resources
Strain on agriculture
Strain on energy production (especially hydropower)
Wildfires 2023 Italy
Algeria
Tunisia
Greece		 Human casualties
Infrastructural damage
Forest destruction
Economic losses
Pollution events
(oil spills, smog events, etc.)		 2021 (Oil Spill) Israel Fauna casualties
Damage to ecosystems
Diminished water quality

Employment

Current employment from the fossil fuel sector

Current employment from renewables

Several Mediterranean countries are already well-established in green and low-carbon industries. In 2023, Tunisia had 23% of the country's total employment come from green jobs, followed by Italy at 11%, Spain at 9%, Türkiye at 3%, France at 2%, and Morocco and Egypt at 1% each.[2]

Prospective employment from the renewable energy sector

Several Mediterranean countries are prepping for their green economy futures, with working populations well-skilled for the energy transition. The Union for the Mediterranean projects the following green jobs numbers in 2030 for each country:[2]

  • Egypt: 120,000
  • France: 200,000
  • Italy: 698,000
  • Morocco: 27,500
  • Spain: 500,000
  • Türkiye: 300,000
  • Tunisia: 115,000

Land availability

Civil Society Engagement

Mediterranean Alliance of Think Tanks on Climate Change (MATTCCh): Consisting of a network of Mediterranean-focused think tanks, MTTACC aims to advance policy development and advocacy efforts through research and collaboration.[26] MATTCCh intends to "promote dialogue with the countries of the south of the region and to advance ambitious climate objectives, as ways to also guarantee the European Green Pact and the objective of climate neutrality of the European Union in 2050 in a fair and inclusive way."[1]

European Environmental Bureau: A network of environmental civil society organizations that collaborate to advance environmental efforts across Europe. As of November 2024, the Bureau has 185 member organizations representing 41 countries.[27]

From this report: https://ufmsecretariat.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/%E2%9C%85-Report-on-Green-Circular-Economy_EN.pdf

  • Mediterranean Youth Climate Network
  • Young Mediterranean Voices
  • The Youth Mediterranean Dialogue
  • The Young Leadership Programme - Mediterranean
  • The Mediterranean Youth Council
  • Mediterranean Youth Network
  • Cedare (Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe)
  • Arab Network for Environment and Development Environment

Governmental information

In July 2024, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen appointed a new commissioner for the Medierranean, Dubravka Šuica. In this role, Commissioner Šuica will collaborate with other commissioners with jurisdictions across Europe to strengthen prosperity, advance the European market economy, support the green and digital transition, and sustain quality of life.[28]

Related governmental policies

Union for the Mediterranean Ministerial Declaration on Energy - https://ufmsecretariat.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/3rd-UfM-Ministerial-Declaration-on-Energy-14-June-2021-1.pdf

Union for the Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on Environment and Climate Action - https://ufmsecretariat.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/UfM-ministerial-declaration-ENV-CA_final-1.pdf

Desert Power 2050: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/332448?ln=en&v=pdf

European Green Deal, RePowerEU, Fit for 55 package - https://eccoclimate.org/integrated-electricity-grids-in-the-mediterranean-a-bridge-for-energy-cooperation-between-europe-and-north-africa/

Clean energy policies, regulations, and roadmaps in high priority Mediterranean countries
Country Policy/Regulation/Roadmap Year Summary
Egypt Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
France Energy and Climate Law (Law no. 2019-1147)[29] 2019 Establishes a target of net carbon neutrality by 2050, calls for the closure of France's last four coal-fired power plants (coal phase-out was extended to 2027),[30] and makes the High Council for the Climate a permanent body at the national level.
Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for France[31][32] 2020 (Updated 2024) Outlines procedures and strategies for achieving France's 2030 and 2035 clean energy and climate goals. In particular, the plan outlines how the country will achieve the targets outlined in the Energy and Climate Law (2019).
France 2030 Investment Plan[33] 2022 Among other investments, the Plan includes EUR 1 billion for renewable energy innovation projects, which is intended to facilitate deployment of 100 GW of renewable energy by 2050.
Italy Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Morocco Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Spain Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Tunisia Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Türkiye Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder
Policy place holder Year place holder Summary place holder

Related governmental reports

European Resource Adequacy Assessment - https://www.entsoe.eu/outlooks/eraa/2021/

Relevant governmental ministries and political coalitions

Union for the Mediterranean (UfM): Comprised of 43 countries, UfM works to advance sustainable development though targeted initiatives and investments. In particular, the organization hopes to advance women's rights and job creation for underrepresented portions of the population (such as women and young people) while increasing connectivity and addressing climate change.[34] Member states are: Albania, Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritania, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, The Netherlands, North Macedonia, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, and Türkiye. Syria suspended its membership in 2011.[35]

Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EUROMED): Established in 2008, the Partnership is comprised of EU Member States and countries in the Southern Mediterranean. It encourages economic integration and democratic reform.[36]

  • Mediterranean Information Office for Nature
  • Mediterranean Programme Office

Transmission

Current transmission resources

New transmission needed for renewables

ELMED, a planned subsea electricity cable, will connect Tunisia to Italy and facilitate bidirectional electricity exchange between the European and African power grids. The 600-MW, 500-kV cable will run 220 kilometers from Partanna in Sicily to Mlaabi in Tunisia and will enable greater deployment of renewables on both continents, as well as strengthen resilience and further integrate both markets. EUR 850 million is allocated for the project.[37]

Planned transmission interconnections in the Mediterranean: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/arabvoices/accelerating-mediterranean-integration-through-energy

More transmission planning: https://eccoclimate.org/integrated-electricity-grids-in-the-mediterranean-a-bridge-for-energy-cooperation-between-europe-and-north-africa/

Add Tunisia-Italy Interconnector from Tunisia Page. Check for updates

The TuNur Italy Transmission Line will the ample solar resources of southern Tunisia to consumers in Europe. The project will consist of 660 km of 525-kV ACDC overhead lines in Tunisia, 661 km of 525-kV DC submarine cables, and 7 km of 525-kV DC and 400-kV underground cables, terminating at an existing high-voltage substation.

Social and environmental impacts of new transmission

Concerns exist surrounding the renewable energy industry's replication of unjust tactics employed by past fossil fuel energy developers. For example, the TuNur Italy Transmission Line will connect an existing Tunur CSP and PV solar plant to consumers in Europe. Activists argue that the project as a whole is an example of "green grabbing," or "the appropriation of land and resources under the guise of environmental goals." The land and water intensity, coupled with the exportation of power away from marginalized region of the country, has generated local frustration.[38]

The 600-MW Tunisia-Italy interconnector line (ELMED), a 200-km undersea cable, will connect both countries' power grids with the intention of increasing energy security, allowing for greater integration of renewable energy, and reducing emissions. The project has received financial support from the World Bank ($268.4 million), the Government of Italy, the European Union, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Investment Bank, and KfW, a German development bank.[39] This is essential to Tunisia’s sustainable development and climate change strategy, positioning the country as a regional renewable energy hub by connecting to the much larger European network.

Ownership

Major owners of current fossil capacity

Major owners of prospective renewables

Finance

In 2018, total green climate finance into the southeastern Mediterranean region reached EUR 6.95 billion, of which 58% was provided by multilateral development banks and 41% from bilateral contributions from the EU. The final 1% originated from other international climate finance sources. Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) counties tend to have more projects focused on mitigation rather than adaptation, with EUR 4.25 billion for the former and EUR 1.09 billion contributed for the latter.[2]

Potential providers of wind/solar finance

Blue Mediterranean Partnership (might not be relevant): https://ufmsecretariat.org/blue-mediterranean-partnership-cop28/

Transmission finance: https://www.terna.it/en/media/press-releases/detail/elmed-terna-steg-celebrate-signing-grant-european-commission-interconnection-italy-tunisia

Hera green bond in Italy. Raised $500M in 2014 - https://ufmsecretariat.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/%E2%9C%85-Report-on-Green-Circular-Economy_EN.pdf

Between 2007 and 2020, the European Union has allocated EURO 20.5 billion to Southern Neighbourhood region, which includes Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, and Tunisia. An additional EUR 12 billion is allocated from the EU from 2021 to 2027.[40] These investments are used for a slough of development projects, including climate resilience, clean energy, and the environment.[2]

EUR 850 million has been allocated for ELMED, which includes EUR 300 million from the Connecting Europe Facility, a USD $268.4 million loan to Tunisia from the World Bank, and the rest from the European Investment Bank, KfW Development Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.[37]

Just Energy Transition Partnerships

Other

Articles and resources

Related GEM.wiki articles

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “Climate and energy priorities for the European Commissioner for the Mediterranean,” CREAF, Retrieved November 7 2024
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 “REPORT: Green Circular Economy at the Mediterranean Level Including Green Skills and Jobs.,” Union for the Mediterranean, December 2023
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Global Energy Monitor and TransitionZero, Global Solar Power Tracker, June 2024 release
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Global Energy Monitor, Global Wind Power Tracker, June 2024 release
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Global Energy Monitor, Global Nuclear Power Tracker, July 2024 release
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Global Energy Monitor, Global Oil and Gas Plant Tracker, February 2024 release.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Global Coal Plant Tracker, Global Energy Monitor, July 2024 release.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Global Energy Monitor, Global Hydropower Tracker, April 2024 release
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Global Energy Monitor, Global Bioenergy Power Tracker, November 2023 release
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Global Energy Monitor, Global Geothermal Tracker, May 2024 release
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Global Energy Monitor, Global Integrated Power Tracker, September 2024 release.
  12. ↑ “Spain maintains solar leadership, but needs to accelerate pace to meet 2030 renewables goals,” Global Energy Monitor, June 2024
  13. ↑ “France,” International Energy Agency, Retrieved November 12 2024
  14. ↑ “France,” European Commission, Retrieved November 12 2024
  15. ↑ “Italy,” International Energy Agency, Retrieved November 12 2024
  16. ↑ “Türkiye National Energy Plan,” Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2022
  17. ↑ “Renewable Energy Outlook: Egypt,” International Renewable Energy Agency, 2018
  18. ↑ “Egypt Revises 2040 Renewable Energy Target,” Energy Capital & Power, October 24 2024
  19. ↑ “Tunisia raises renewable target in power mix to 35%, starts 2 GW tenders” Enerdata, June 17 2022
  20. ↑ “Towards a just energy transition in Tunisia,” Transnational Institute, November 2022
  21. ↑ “Morocco - Country Commercial Guide,” International Trade Administration, January 1 2024
  22. ↑ “Morocco Renewable Energy Target 2030,” International Energy Agency, October 10 2019
  23. ↑ “Floating offshore wind potential for Mediterranean countries,” Marine Offshore Renewable Energy Lab (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering) at the Polytechnic University of Turin, July 4 2024
  24. ↑ “Recommendations to enhance Offshore Wind Energy in the Mediterranean Sea,” Plan Bleu, July 2024
  25. ↑ “Addressing offshore wind farms compatibilities and conflicts with marine conservation through the application of modelled benchmarking scenarios,” University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, September 15 2024
  26. ↑ “Mediterranean Think Tank Alliance on Climate Change,” Policy Center for the New South, Retrieved October 31 2024
  27. ↑ “About EEB,” European Environmental Bureau, Retrieved November 12 2024
  28. ↑ “Dubravka Šuica, Commissioner-designate for the Mediterranean,” European Commission, September 17 2024
  29. ↑ “Law no. 2019-1147 on Energy and the climate,” Climate Change Laws of the World, 2019
  30. ↑ “France's Macron confirms coal phase-out and EV boost,” Argus Media, September 25 2023
  31. ↑ “Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for France,” Government of France, March 2020
  32. ↑ “National Energy Climate - Plan,” Government of France, June 2024
  33. ↑ “"France 2030 investment Plan"- Investment in renewable energy innovation,” International Energy Agency, July 2 2024
  34. ↑ “The UfM: an action-driven organisation with a common ambition,” Union for the Mediterranean, Retrieved November 12 2024
  35. ↑ “Member States,” Union for the Mediterranean, Retrieved November 12 2024
  36. ↑ “Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EUROMED),” European Union Migration and Home Affairs, Retrieved November 12 2024
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 “The Connection with the Future of Energy,” Terna and STEG, Retrieved November 12 2024
  38. ↑ “Tunisia’s Energy Sector: A Just Transition Analysis,” Arab Reform Initiative, March 2 2023
  39. ↑ “World Bank finances Tunisia-Europe undersea cable to connect energy grids,” ESI Africa, June 26 2023
  40. ↑ “Southern Neighbourhood,” European Commission, Retrieved November 11 2024
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